Analyzing The Aggregate Sales Of New Light Vehicles

Abstract This paper offers a new framework for analyzing the aggregate sales of new light vehicles that incorporates cars and light duty trucks. Because this approach requires only a minimal set of assumptions about demographic trends, the state of the economy, consumer preferences, new vehicle prices and repair costs, and vehicle retirements, household income, it is shown to be especially useful as a forecasting tool as well get more insight on the buying behavior of consumers as well as understand why sales of light duty truck is more than that of the cars. This is NADA data that shows the total new light vehicle sales rose by certain percent in 2013. This is a statistical abstract of the United States that has been designed to serve as a guide to understand the motor vehicle sales from 2004 to 2013. Executive Summary This report summarizes the statistical modeling and analysis results associated with the light vehicles sales in United State of America for over ten years. The purpose of this report is to document the data collection and all the corresponding data modeling and inference technique used during the subsequent statistical analyses. The data used was drawn from NADA and the paper gives a concise overview of sales in the cars and light duty trucks. The reports indicate that the total new light vehicle sales rose by seven and a half percent in twenty – thirteen. This paper also develops a forecast if the sales for cars and light duty trucksShow MoreRelatedThe London Program Has Cut Congestion1675 Words   |  7 Pageswithin the charging zone since it was introduced (Transport for London, 2009). As private vehicle traffic has dropped, some road space has been dedicated to transit and other purposes. Transport for London (TfL) announced that construction† related delays and changing use of road space contributed to increasing traffic congestion in the charging zone back to pre†charging zone levels, but that the number of vehicles was still significantly lower and that construction†related delays would have been worseRead MoreTechnological Innovations Are Transforming Almost All Industry1267 Words   |  6 Pagesthe rapid evolution of technology. Although new technologies are critical for businesses in insurance industry, implementing them require huge capital and resources. According to Green (2016), technological advancements are driving the demand for insurance companies to acquire new skills and capabilities. The insurance industry is facing increased demand from both established and emerging markets but tapping the demand requires insurers to embrace new technologies to refine business processes andRead More4 Pillars of Demand Planning4653 Words   |  19 Pageschain optimization has greater impact on business profitability. Providing the best â€Å"one number† forecast requires capturing demand close to its source and accurately predicting actual demand with enough lead time and confidence to ensure maximum sales and operations performance at minimum cost. This paper outlines four key elements that support effective demand planning and establish fundamen tal parameters for higher service levels and lower inventory cost. These are the â€Å"pillars† on which competitiveRead MoreToyota Supply Chain78751 Words   |  316 PagesSUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT A STRATEGIC APPROACH TO THE PRINCIPLES OF TOYOTA’S RENOWNED SYSTEM ANANTH V. IYER SRIDHAR SESHADRI ROY VASHER New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright  © 2009 by Ananth V. Iyer, Sridhar Seshadri, and Roy Vasher. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form orRead MoreUnited States Post Office Dilemma5655 Words   |  23 Pagesactivities in relation to sustainability in light of the decrease in production. An analysis of the internal and external forces will highlight its strengths and weaknesses that have sustained the organization for many years. The threat of new technology including the internet and very strong competitors are a reality that the USPS cannot disregard. Their core revenue stream has been the day-to-day delivery system that has not been duplicated but is threatened by new technology thus reaching an obsoleteRead MorePrice Elasticity of Computers9020 Words   |  37 Pagesinvestigated period. A similar pattern is also observed when the models are estimated using more recent data on main frame computer spending. Our results underscore the dynamic behavior of price sensitivity in computer spending over time. They offer a new perspective to study innovation attributes and to examine their impacts empirically over time. Implications for information systems (IS) management and IT suppliers are also discussed. Index Terms— Computer spending, growth model, innovation diffusionRead MoreA Guide to Zimbabwe Goverment Revenue11248 Words   |  45 Pagessources of revenue or income for government 17 3.1 Analysis of government revenue (2010 – 2011) 17 3.2 Graphical Analyses of Government Revenues 18 Graph 1: Contribution to the Zimbabwe Government Revenue: 2010 18 3.3 What to look for when analyzing the revenue in the Budget 21 Chapter 4: An assessment of the effectiveness and efficiency of all sources of government revenue 22 4.1 Why does tax matter? 22 4.2 Ability to pay principle 23 4.3 Progressive Tax 23 4.4 Regressive Tax 24 Read MoreOperational Management36687 Words   |  147 PagesTotal Quality Management Forecasting Design of Goods and Services Process Strategy and Capacity Planning Location Strategies Human Resources, Job Design and Organisational Effectiveness Supply Chain Management Inventory Management and JIT Systems Aggregate Scheduling Materials Resources Planning (MRPII) Project Management Bibliography Title of Section Page 3-6 7 - 24 25 - 36 37 - 54 55 - 72 73 - 84 85 - 102 103 - 116 117 - 138 139 - 150 151 - 166 167 - 176 177 - 192 193 - 206 207 - 208 MANCOSA -Read MoreEconomics12898 Words   |  52 Pagesdifferent factors of production, rather than the force which determine the level of general economic activity, so that their theories of value and distribution related only to the special case of full employment. Concentrating upon the economic aggregates of National Income, Consumption, Savings, and Investment, Keynes provided a general theory for explaining the level of economic activity. He argued that there is no assurance that saving would accumulate during a depression and depress interestRead MorePepsi Marketing Plan.13402 Words   |  54 Pagesterm paper. At last, we thank to our parents and other family members for their helps, Supports and sacrifices during the study period. A LETTER OF CAUTION Everyone should try to make something new rather than copying others. By copying one thing, no one can get something good as new. We four friends made a term paper on â€Å"Marketing Plan†. It was very hard for us to complete this paper. We tried our best to make this term paper nice, and at last, we succeeded. Therefore, it will be pleasurable

Mortgage Fees in Australia

Question: Discuss about theMortgage Fees in Australia. Answer: An investigation was carried out to establish factors that affected the ongoing, originating fees and mortgages total fees in Australia. It was found out that, although the originating fees required was lower, mortgage corporations charge lower ongoing and total fees as compared to banks. It was also found out that fee echelons are dependent on the value loan ratio, the size of the loan and features of the loans like the presence of an offset account and loan term. The investigation further confirmed that lenders charged higher fee levels with lower interest rates or lower fee levels with higher interest rates. The investigation finally showed that Australia's market conditions have an effect on the mortgage fees. Introduction Housing property is one of the biggest domiciliary assets in most developed countries. This makes mortgages become the biggest household debt as people acquire housing property through borrowings. Such a situation creates a linkage between the housing and the capital markets, as evidently compelled by the Global Financial Crisis and the recent U.S subprime crisis. Therefore, mortgage finance plays a vital role in the economy and the capital market as well. In Australia, some unsettled mortgages amounted to about 1.2 trillion Australian dollars as of December 2011. Research done on the Australian fees for mortgages is very sporadic. Thus, authors got motivated to conduct an empirical study on this matter, testing the different factors affecting the several types of mortgage fees; origination fee, total fees together with the ongoing fees payable for service. The origination fees together with the ongoing service fee are usually paid as extra mortgage fees by borrowers. A survey shows that Australian lenders charge the highest fees when comparing the mortgage fees paid across Canada, New Zealand, the United States, Australia and the United Kingdom (Commission, 2008). This is also shown in a document written by the Securities and Investment Commission of Australia (2008, p.2). This paper, therefore, talks largely on the mortgage fees tendencies in Australia by looking at the various pertinent literatures that relates to the thinkable factors that have an impact on mortgage fees. The paper also discusses the methodology used by researches to obtain the data needed to support findings and conclusions on what drives mortgage fees in Australia. In this section, the data is described and variables used in regression representations defined. The findings are then established and discussed, and final conclusions made regarding what has been found out. Literature Review Factors such as the type of lenders, criteria used in lending, the latent sell out between mortgage fees and interest rates, conditions of the market, competition in the market and features of the loans are considered and looked upon. Type of lenders is categorized as either banks or non-banks. Researchers have often investigated effects securitization has on the behavior of originator pricing (Ambrose, B Conklin, J, 2012). It was consistently found that lower mortgage rates are offered by mortgage firms whose loans are securitized, as compared to depository firms whose loans are retained majorly on their profit and loss accounts. This clearly shows that mortgage establishments are highly likely to charge lower mortgage fees than banks (Lui, B Skully, M, 2008). The effect criteria used in lending has on the fee charges has been minimally addressed in the literature, but researches that examine the effects of size of the loan and loan-to-value ratios on mortgage yield extents. It is rendered judicious to expect the three categories of fees charged to for use as interest rates in an analogous way by lenders in response to their dogmas acclaim (Todd 2016, p. 52). Origination fees are considered as interests that are prepaid (Newmark, R, De La Torre, C, Stallings, M , 2008), and can be used in addressing certain risk types by lenders (Kau, J, Keenan, C, 2015). Empirical and theoretical studies show that more points in exchange for lower interests that are fixed can be paid by borrowers as lenders offer trade-off concerning interest rates and points (Stone, C, Zissu, M, 2015). This is per studies that focus on United States market, which is still unknown if interest rates and mortgage fees are relatable in Australia. This is tested empiricall y in this research. About the conditions of the market, research proves that mortgage return extents are affected by the liquidity of the market(Black, D, Garbade, W, Silber, W, 2014). This makes room for a prediction of a negative affiliation between mortgage fees and market liquidity. Literature also documents that the whole economy and international banking systems were largely affected by GFC (Lo 2012, p.1). This causes an expectation in the increase of the mortgage fees after the GFC (Mishkin, 2011). Competition in the market is described in the configuration-enactment framework (Ambrose, B, LaCour-Little, M, Sanders, B, 2013) or the markup theory. It is described that lower competition in the market leads to high-priced banking products. This raises the expectation of mortgage fees to be positively related to the degree of competition. Lastly, features of the loan are associated with how accumulative fees relate with this kind of loan features as both the loan term and offset account existence (McClatchey, C, De La Torre, C, 2008). This allows payments about loan interests to be indicted adjacent to the interest that is earned by a particular account. This results to the borrower saving on tax. Furthermore, longer-term loans which have liquidity premiums have made it possible for the existence of an affirmative relationship between mortgage fees and life of the contract (Ambrose, B Conklin, J, 2012). This also increases chances of lenders to have mortgage fee prepayments (Bla ck, D, Garbade, W, Silber, W, 2014). With reputes about the offset account existence, there is a prospect that it would be consequent in greater mortgage fees. This is because the moneylender would require appended fees to reimburse for the added work necessary to order offset accounts. It is also presumable that borrowers who necessitate larger loans to capitalize on tax savings are usually the ones who benefit themselves on the offset account feature. Therefore, there would be involvement of higher mortgage fees. Technique Based on relevant literature provided and aims of the study, the effect on total, origination and ongoing fees due to variables like credit criteria, conditions of the market, interest rates, and competition of the market and features of the loan are tested. Variable was first defined and measured. Then a record of the proxies used for various variables was summarized. Secondly, empirical models are established. As stated previously, the impact on cumulative fees of each of these variables; type of lender, criteria of credit, characteristics of the loan, interest rates, market conditions and of the market competition is tested (Black, D, Garbade, W, Silber, W, 2014). The impact of this kind of variables is also tested together with the annexation of an added variable the ongoing fees and the origination fees. In conclusion, the established variables are tested with the addition of variables like the ongoing fees and the impact they have on origination fees. Considering multi-collinear problems, the testing would not be done on one regression for each type of fees. Data was then established and put ready to be discussed and analyzed. The data established consisted of observations of customary modifiable rate mortgages about certain periods. This included most mortgage corporations and almost all commercial banks. After rerunning out of the loans without setting of loan terms, some of the observations made earlier remained. For example, mortgage organizations and commercial banks have a collective share of the mortgage market (Berger, A, Hannan, T, 2013). Thus, the two groups satisfactorily represent the market in Australian. Data found allowed f or examination of the effect of current market developments. The data collections included insignificant interest rates, the originators fees, standings, supreme loans and merchandise sorts, like an offset account as well as intense loan-to-value (LTV) ratios. Other sets of data collected concerning mortgage securitization, and each type of lenders unpaid loans, either mortgage organizations, commercial banks, building civilizations or unions that offer credits and consumer price catalog are composed of the analytical databanks of the Australian Bureau of Statistics together with Reserve Bank of Australia. The greatest inhibition faced is that the data only covers a certain period. This is due to two reasons; data unavailability and lender identification. This makes it impossible to use information about the type of lender any given time. Results and Discussion Results of the research on the different types of fees were noted. Or the total fees, it was noted that the lender type significantly relates to total fees. On the ongoing fees, it was noted that there exists a consistency of the relationship between credit criteria methods and the ongoing fees with previous studies. Origination fees are negatively related to the lender. This suggests lower origination fees are offered by banks. Therefore, it seems that they focus less on origination fees and focus more on the ongoing fees. As a result, banks get to achieve lower origination fees and rather charge higher ongoing fees. Origination fees portray a negative relation towards the variable GFC in contrast to ongoing fees. This implies that lenders lower their origination fees during tight market conditions. They do so as an experiment to attract borrowers (Mishkin, 2011). The presence of a high market share leads to a reduction in the originating fees. However, the degree through which lessening takes place is comparatively small, as correlated to the current hype in ongoing fees. This indicates that the upfront fees of leaders are reduced slightly when they increase. However, the fees they charge over loan life are bigger than this. Consequently, total fees increase. Therefore the purpose of the small reduction in the upfront fees is attracting of borrowers. A significant affiliation between origination fees and liquidity of the market is found. This relationship is a positive, in comparison to the ongoing fees and total fees. This indicates that moneylenders attempt to bring in borrowers in times when the market liquidity is low. This is facilitated through a reduction in origination fees, which is later recovered and made up through an increment in subsequent fees. In this case, lenders end up catering for all own fees in the long run. Conclusion The paperwork scrutinizes the main aspects that might have an effect on divergence in ongoing, origination fees and total fees of the Australian mortgage lenders. By the use of a data set that is large, the degree of fee diversifications across the two foremost kinds of lenders are examined. These diversifications may include criteria of credit lending and the loan impact on different levels of fees; and at the same time whether trade-off affiliation exists between mortgage fees and rates of interest. Further, investigations as to if the GFC, share of market, market liquidity of mortgages and GFC impact levels of fees were undertaken (Studenmund, 2016). A summary of the main findings aligning to each and every research questions postured in the Introduction was obtained. There were substantial variations in fee charges between mortgage firms and commercial banks. Relapse guesstimates suggest that mortgage companies require less total and ongoing fees compared to banks. Results also approve that there is an existence of a negative coherence between nominal interest rates and the total fees, meaning that lenders who have higher interest rates would most likely be able to get lower fees (Woodward, S, Hall, E, 2010). This finding has confirmed the consistency of literature with the expectation of the study. In conclusion, it was found out that, even though banks charge and expect a lower amount in origination fees, they charge a higher recurring fee in comparison with mortgage corporations. Another finding is that ongoing service fees together with the total fees cohere positively to maximum loans. This is not the case with origination fees, as they relate negatively with the following variables. It is also established that market liquidity has an adverse impact on the total fees together, while the GFC positively affects them. However, the two variables relate oppositely with the origination fees. Interest rates and total fees are inversely proportio nal especially when there is a trade-off relationship between them. Competition of the market also affects the fees, which are positively related to the market share, while the origination fees relate negatively. All the above three forms of fees have a positive relationship to loan relations, as also seen, the literature that pacts with the affiliation between lender credit criteria and interest rates (LaCour-Littel, 2009). This paper encircles the current literature and presents relevant information about the credit criteria embraced, and the fees charged it is established that the dynamics in market conditions as portrayed market liquidity and the GFC affect fee levels. Through the study, one can significantly understand the impression of criteria used in credit determination, on origination fees, total fees, and ongoing fees, and the differences between total fees and amendable interest rates. It takes into consideration the market conditions that have taken place in the recent past in Australia and examines the variables involved. With this, a clear description of the impact of current developments in the market is taken into consideration. Bibliography Ambrose, B Conklin, J, 2012. Motgage Brokers, Origination Fees, Price Transparency and Communication. Boston: SAGE. Ambrose, B, LaCour-Little, M, Sanders, B, 2013. The Effects of Conforming Loan Status on Mortgage Yield Spreads. Aloan Levels Analysis, Real Estate Economics , pp.32, 541, 569. Berger, A, Hannan, T, 2013. The Price XConcentration Relationship in Banking. Review of Economics and Statitsics , pp.7, 291-299. Black, D, Garbade, W, Silber, W, 2014. The Impact of the GNMA Passthrough Program on FHA Mortgage Costs. Journal of Finance , pp.36, 457-469. Commission, A.S.a.I., 2008. Review of Motgage Entry and Exit Fees, Report 125. [Online] Available at: https://www.fido.gov.au/asic/pdflib.nsf/LookupBy FileName/REP_125_Review_of_mortgage_entry_and_exit_fees.pdf/$file/REP_125_ Review_of_mortgage_entry_and_exit_fees.pdf [Accessed 24 April 2017]. Daniel, J., 2010. A Fixed-rate Loan Prepayment Model for Australian Mortgages. Australian Journal of Management , pp.35, 99-112. Kau, J, Keenan, C, 2015. Taxes, Points and Rationality in the Mortgage Market. AREUEA, pp.15, 68-184. LaCour-Littel, M., 2009. The Pricing of Motgages by Brokers: An Agency Problem? Journal of Real Estate Research, pp.31, 235-333. LO, A., 2102. Reading About the Financial Crisis: A 21-Book Review. [Online] Available at: https://www.argentumlux.org/documents/JEL_6.pdf. [Accessed 24 April 2017]. Lui, B Skully, M, 2008. The Impact of Securitisation and Structural Changes of Australian Motgage Markets on Bank Pricing Behavior. International Journal of Banking, Finance and Accounting , pp.1, 149-167. McClatchey, C, De La Torre, C, 2008. Your Motgage Loan: Fairly Priced or not?. Financial Service Review, pp.17, 237-256. Mishkin, F., 2011. Over the Cliff from the Subprime to the Global Financial Crisis. Journal of Economic Perspectives , pp.25, 49-70. Newmark, R, De La Torre, C, Stallings, M , 2008. An After Tax Analysis of Negative Mortgage Points. Real Estate Taxation, pp.35, 154-161. Stone, C, Zissu, M, 2015. Choosing A Discount Point/Contract Rate Combination. Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, pp.3, 283-293. Studenmund, A., 2016. Using Econometrics: A Practical Guide, 11th Ed. Boston: Addison Wesley Longman. Todd, S., 2016. The Effects of Securitisation on Consumer Mortgage Costs. Real Estate Economics , pp.29-54. Woodward, S, Hall, E, 2010. Consumer Confussion in the Mortgage Market: Evidence of Less than a Perfectly Transparent and Competitive Market. American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings , pp.100, 511-515.