Ulysses S. Grant Essay - 1110 Words

Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant was an American general and 18th president of the United States. Grant was born in Point Pleasant, Ohio, on April 27, 1822, the son of Hannah Simpson and Jesse Grant, the owner of a tannery. Taken to nearby Georgetown at the age of one, he was educated in local and boarding schools. In 1839, under the name of Ulysses Simpson instead of his original Hiram Ulysses, he was appointed to West Point. Graduating 21st in a class of 39 in 1843, he was assigned to Jefferson Barracks, Missouri. There he met Julia Dent, a local planters daughter, whom he married after the Mexican War. During the Mexican War, Grant served under both General Zachary Taylor and General Winfield Scott and distinguished himself,†¦show more content†¦Sherman to move into Georgia, and General Franz Sigel to clear the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia. Despite the failure of Butler and Sigel and heavy losses at the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, and Cold Harbor, Grant continued to press the drive against General Robert E. Lees army. After Shermans success in Georgia and the conquest of the Shenandoah Valley by General Philip H. Sheridan, Grant forced Lee to abandon Petersburg and Richmond and to surrender at Appomattox Court House on April 9. As commander of the army, Grant soon became trapped in the struggles between President Andrew Johnson and Congress. Because of the presidents clear Pro-Southern tendencies, the general gradually moved closer to the radicals and cooperated with Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton in carrying out the congressional Reconstruction plan for the South. Grant accepted appointment as secretary ad interim after Johnsons dismissal of Stanton, but clashed violently with the president when the Senate ordered Stanton reinstated. Then, as the countrys best-known military leader, he became the Republican candidate for president in 1868 and defeated his Democratic rival, Horatio Seymour. Grants military experience ill prepared him for his new duties. Faced with major problems of Reconstruction, civil service reform, and economic adjustment, he did not know how to choose proper advisers or to avoid the pitfalls of an age of corruption. Encouraged by the final restoration of allShow MoreRelated Ulysses S. Grant Essay948 Words   |  4 Pages Ulysses S. Grant lived an interesting life. He gave so much to this country. His life was exciting and he lived in many different places, from small houses to a house given by people to the white house. From saving the blacks from more slavery to giving the U.S. bad years from presidency. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ulysses S. Grant was an American general and the 18th president of the U.S. (Williams 53).Grant was born in point pleasant, Ohio, on April 27 ,1822, the son os Hannah SimpsonRead More Ulysses S. Grant Essay1565 Words   |  7 Pages Ulysses S. Grant   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On April 27, 1822 a boy was born to Jesse Root Grant and Hannah Simpson Grant in the small town of Point Pleasant, Ohio. They named their son Hiram Ulysses Grant. In 1823 the family moved to a town nearby called Georgetown, Ohio, where Ulysses’ father owned a tannery and some farmland. Grant had two brothers and three sisters born in Georgetown.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ulysses attended school in Georgetown until he was 14. He then spent one year at the academy in Maysville, KentuckyRead More Ulysses S Grant Essay1572 Words   |  7 PagesUlysses S Grant Although Ulysses S. Grants contemporaries placed him in the highest position of great Americans along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln, the twentieth century has seen him fade. His presidency has been almost universally condemned, and he is consistently ranked second to rock bottom Warren G. Harding in polls of historians to rate the presidents. Although his military reputation has declined as well, it nevertheless continues to win him a steady following. Even hisRead More Ulysses S. Grant Essay534 Words   |  3 Pages Ulysses S. Grant nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;American General and 18th President of the United States of America, Ulysses S. Grant, was a master war strategist who won the first major Union victories during the Civil War; however, political leadership proved to be far different from military leadership for Grant. While in office from 1869-1877 Grant scarcely attempted to control events, made injudicious appointments to public office, and had official corruption taint his administration, althoughRead MoreTaking a Look at Ulysses S. Grant639 Words   |  3 PagesUlysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant, the eighteenth president of the United States, was a man of many notions. Grant endured a long journey from horseman to general. This journey continued all the way to President of the Unites States. From being born in a small white cottage, all the way to piecing together the Union, Grant has done it all. In the sixty-three years that Grant was alive, he made many positive impacts and shaped our country for the better. Born Ulysses Hiram Grant, on April 27Read MoreEssay about Ulysses S. Grant1140 Words   |  5 PagesUlysses S. Grant General Ulysses S. Grants brilliant siege of Vicksburg had a significant impact on the surrender of the Confederacy. This Vicksburg campaign was significant due to the fact that it basically gave the Union total control of the Mississippi River. This meant the isolation of the West and basically a clear waterway for supplies to reach the Deep South. Once this waterway was open arms, food, and soldiers could be provided for the Union soldiers in the South and open a devastatingRead MoreUlysses S. Grant: A Brief Biography692 Words   |  3 PagesUlysses S. Grant was a valiant and reliable person in the civil war. Born on April 27th, 1822, in Pleasant Point, Ohio, he moved to Georgetown, Ohio when he was 2 years old. He worked at his father’s farm until he grew up and his father forced him to attend West Point University. Grant did not like it there. Though his teachers said he was good at horse-riding, he failed in many subjects, including Math, Reading, and English. His cl assmates ridiculed him for his birth-name â€Å"Hiram†, which he laterRead More Ulysses S. Grant and the Trials of Leadership Essay3355 Words   |  14 PagesUlysses S. Grant and the Trials of Leadership On June 3, 1864, the Union and Confederate armies met on a battlefield in Cold Harbor, Virginia. The Confederates were well entrenched and prepared to mount a defensive stand. The Union soldiers on the other side of the lines were preparing for an attack that would prove to be disastrous. They knew what the outcome would be. In only 20 minutes of fighting, 7,000 Union soldiers were killed or wounded. As the Yankees prepared to go into action, manyRead MoreThe American Civil War : Ulysses S. Grant3206 Words   |  13 Pages Ulysses S. Grant was a quiet and reserved man however he was able to inspire a sense of bravery among his soldiers who fought on American battlefields (â€Å"American President†). He once said â€Å"In every battle there comes a time when both sides consider themselves beaten, then he who continues the attack wins (â€Å"Ulysses S. Grant Quotes† brainyquote). The man we know as Grant was an honorable man who entrusted others and did not see dishonor in them. This man lead the country through troubled timesRead MoreUlysses S. Grant and His Contribution to America Essay example1590 Words   |  7 Pagesis what General Ulysses S. Grant as the highest ranking officer of the Union Army, wrote to the opposing the highest ranking officer of the opposing Confederate army, General Robert E. Lee on April 7, 1865. (Alter, 2002) In 1861, the Southern states of the United States of America had seceded from the Union, forming the Confederate States of America, and President Linc oln deciding it was worth it to bring them back, declared war, sparking the American Civil War. (Gaines, 2009) Grant joined the army

Cultural Awareness Project Ethnocentrism - 1723 Words

Hi this is Brittney Del Pizzo and today for my cultural awareness project I will be discussing ethnocentrism in the imaging department. My objectives for the presentation is to explain how you can avoid ethnocentrism in the imaging department and to also explain how ethnocentrism can lead to stereotyping and how this can further have a negative impact on the department. I want to begin by discussing some general definitions so that you have a better understand of the topics that I am going to discuss. I think it is important to begin by defining the definition of culture. As we learned in class culture is a unique combination of rituals, religious beliefs, ways of thinking and ways of behaving that unify a group of people. Further†¦show more content†¦Some ways to become culturally aware include first becoming aware of different cultures that surround us. When we become aware we also have to take the time to evaluate our own prejudices. Secondly, we cannot allow cultural diversity to lead us to criticize or even draw judgments of others. Thirdly, we have to build friendships with individuals of different cultures. By building friendships it allows us to respect others while also learning about their culture. Fourth, we need to show understanding of individuals that are of different cultures. When we develop understanding of different cultur es it also let’s them know that we truly care. Fifth, we need to listen to individuals of different cultures. As health care professionals this is probably the most important to us. Sometimes it may be difficult to understand or even relate to individuals of different cultures, so we need to take the time to ask questions so that we can better treat them. Lastly, we need to learn about different cultures. We can never learn too much about another culture, and it will only help us become more culturally aware. Now that we know what it means to be culturally aware and how you can develop cultural awareness I want to show you how this can relate to the health care profession, specifically the imaging department. I want to give you specific examples that I have seen within the

The Influence of Ganster Films such as New Jack City and Menace to Society Free Essays

Warshow began the essay saying â€Å"America is committed to a cheerful view of life†. Warshow is referring particularly to the movies but also to comic books and pulp fiction . Those that perpetuate the notion of what constitutes the gangster himself but also his environment, motivation and modus operandi. We will write a custom essay sample on The Influence of Ganster Films such as New Jack City and Menace to Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now The intolerable dilemma is that failure is a kind of death and success is evil and dangerous, are ultimately impossible. The effect of the gangster film is to embody this dilemma in the person of the gangster and resolve it by â€Å"his death, not ours, we are safe for the moment and can acquiesce in our failure, we can choose to fail. This essay makes me think that most gangster movies can help and also hurt the viewer. It all depends on the state of mind of the individual. Watching movie such as â€Å"New Jack City† and â€Å"Menace to Society† made people in my community act out, not in a fearful way but in a more gangster way. More crimes took place after young viewers watched these types of films; maybe in the suburbs people felt safe but not in our neighborhood. Movies such as these were made to show people the rise and fall of a gangster. However it depends on the individual that watches these types of films and what they gather from it. Take for instance, if a person has never been to the projects and had seen this type of activity take place; they may watch one of these films and not get Influenced by it . On the other hand, people who live in the projects that see drug dealers and so called gangsters, begin to glorify this kind of lifestyle because this is what they see on a day to day basis. Warshows’ intolerable dilemmas sometimes resolve in our death. Some people can see a film and know in the end that the gangster will end up dead or on a bus to prison but for some reason that never scares them from trying to get the same fame that the gangster has in the film. Take for example, the film â€Å"New Jack City â€Å"staring Wesley Snipes as the notorious Neno Brown; it shows two sides of a gangster. Neno kills people over drugs and territory but the film also shows him feeding the poor on Thanksgiving and handing money out to children and preachers. Neno starts out as an average street hustler with dreams of one day being a drug kingpin. His dream seems to be reachable when his brother introduces him to the new drug crack cocaine. Neno then builds a street team to help run his empire. He operates his crack business the same as any other business like Wal-Mart. In a way Neno was like a ghetto Robinhood. He robs the rich and sells dope to the poor. This is what makes this essay one sided. People living in the ghetto are simply products of their environment. They are simply forced into this life that is fictional to others. A gangster’s motivation is always something he feels like he has first and before anyone else. It may be a new car, jewelry or a luxury home. Most movies about a fictional gangster are always stemmed from a real person that has already failed as a gangster, either dead or in prison. Most of the gangster movies we watch today are real life stories. Filmmakers just put a twist on the story and change the names around. People from the lower class watch these movies and often blur out the bad ending rather than being in fear of the same ending happening to them. Most gangster movies have a hero from both sides. The lower class people root for the villain while the middle and upper class root for the main detective that usually brings the gangster to his untimely demise. Most kids are fascinated with gangsters because of their lavish and glorious lifestyle that are portrayed by he media. Lower class children do not live next door to doctors or lawyers so they do not glorify their lifestyles . They can just turn on the television and see a gangster anytime they want and to some, glorifying a gangster is real and gives them something to believe in. When they see a gangster in the neighborhood, everyone is nice to him out of fear not respect but as a child, he will grow up thinking that type of lifestyle is o. k. because everyone will be too scared to tell him that this individual is scum and that he does not want to be like him when he grows up. How to cite The Influence of Ganster Films such as New Jack City and Menace to Society, Papers

Comparing Works of Art free essay sample

Art, science and literature all grew tremendously during the Renaissance, led by artists like Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, scientists like Galileo, and writers like Shakespeare. In art, the Renaissance renewed interest in naturalistic styles and formal rules of composition such as perspective. The Greek classical ideals of ideal proportions (for depicting the human body as well as for architecture and painting) also regained popularity. Important artists of the Italian Renaissance were with Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Comparing Works of Art 4 Art Terms of the Renaissance alabaster – A fine-grained, slightly translucent stone with a smooth milk-white surface. buon fresco – Sometimes called â€Å"true Fresco. † a technique in which pigment suspended in water is applied to wet plaster, A very durable method. chiaroscuro refers to the fine art painting modeling effect of a strong contrast between light and dark to give the illusion of depth or three-dimensionality. Italian word (chiaro0 and dark (scuro), this technique was widely used in the Baroque period contrapposto – The principle of weight shift in the visual arts. t’s commonly used to depict a figure in a relaxed stance, one leg weight – bearing, the other bent, the torso slightly shifted off its axis. fresco painted on plaster. There are two methods, buon fresco and fresco secco. fresco secco – this technique has pigments mixed with a binding agent and painted on dry plaster, and not as durable as a true fresco painted. humanism – it is the movement of the 14th -16th centuries when all the branches of learning, literary, scientific and intellectual were based on the culture and literature of classical Greco-Roman antiquity. risaille – A style of monochromatic painting in the shades of gray, used especially for the representation of relief sculpture. illusionism – painting which makes two-dimensional objects appear to be three-dimensional. Mannerism – features the use of distorted figures in complex, impossible poses, and strange artificial colors. perspective – refers to the technique of representing the illusion of a three-dimensional world on a two-dimensional surface ( a flat piece of paper or canvas). Renaissance Man – A man who has broad intellectual interest and is accomplished in the areas of the arts and sciences. A â€Å"universal man† or polymath. trompe l’oeil – A French term meaning, â€Å"trick of the eye. † Also known as illusionism. A painting style designed to give the appearance of three-dimensionality. polymath- a person who excels in multiple fields, particularly in both arts and sciences. Another name for â€Å"Renaissance Man†. sfumato – this term was coined by the Italian Renaissance artist, Leonardo di Vinci, and refers to a fine art painting technique of blurring and sifting of sharp outlines by subtle and gradual blending of one tone into another through the use of thin glazes to give the illusion of depth or three-dimensionality. This stems from the Italian word square meaning to evaporate or to fade out. The Latin origin is fumier, to smoke. The opposite of sfumato is chiaroscuro. terribilita – A term applied to the art of Michelangelo describing the heroric and aw-inspiring power and grandeur of his work. Comparing Works of Art 5 Leonardo di Vinci Leonardo di Vinci was born on April 15, 1452, in the small Tuscan town of Vinci, near Florence. Born of wealth of a Florentine and a peasant woman he and his family settled in Florence. He rapidly advanced socially and intellectually. In 1466 he was appointed as a garzone ( studio boy ) to Andrea del Verrochino, the Leading Florentine painting and sculpture of the day. Leonardo’s stylistic innovations are even more apparent in The Last Supper, in which he re-created a traditional theme in an entirely new way. Instead of showing the 12 Apostle as individual figures, grouped in dynamic compositional unit of three, framing the figure of Christ, represents a calm nucleus while the others respond with animated gestures. The Mona Lisa, His most famous work is well known for its mastery of technical innovations as for the mysterious of its legendary smiling subject. This work is consummate example of two techniques- sfumato and chiaroscuro- of which di Vinci was one of the first great masters. Sfumato is characterized by the subtle almost infinitestimal transitions between color areas, creating a delicately atmospheric haze or smoky effect. Chiaroscuro is the technique of modeling and defining forms through contrasts of light and shadow: the sensitive hands of the sitter are portrayed with a luminous modulation of light and shade, while color contrast is used only sparingly. Comparing Works of Art 6 Michelangelo Buonarroti, (1475-1564) Michelangelo was born in Caprese near Florence, Italy in 1475 during a time known as the Renaissance. He was a master of sculpture, architecture, painting and poetry. When he was young, he studied Latin Greek,. then he discovered how much he loved to draw. He worked as an apprentice under a well-known painter Domenico Ghirlandaio for 3 years to learn the art of painting. He was most interested in learning how to show physical strength and energy in humans. He also learned about frescoes. Fresco in Italian means â€Å"fresh†. This is a technique for painting murals. The artist paints on wet plaster. As the plaster dries, the painting becomes part of the wall and lasts a very long time. Fresco painting usually takes several painters working together because the work needs to be done quickly before the plaster dries. When Michelangelo was young in Florence, there was much building and growth in the city. He learned a lot about art and architecture from watching churches being built and by seeing sculptures and frescoes that were created for churches. After Michelangelo worked with the painter Ghirlandaio, he had a chance to work with Bertoldo di Giovannia who was a famous sculptor. During this time he learned about creating beautiful statues from marble. The first statue he created (when he was 24) was called the Pieta. It was so beautiful and is the first work that Michelangelo was famous for. Michelangelo was unmatched and the creator of sublime beauty that expresses the breadth of the human condition yet, in a world where art had flourished only with patronage, he was caught between the conflicted powers and whims of the medical family in Florence and the papacy in Rome. Another famous statue that Michelangelo created from marble was the famous statue of David which can be seen in Florence. It is over 13 feet high and weighs more than 5 metric tons or 11,000 pounds. Because his work was so famous, Michelangelo was asked by Pope Julius II who was a powerful ruler of the church in Rome, to paint the large ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. Michelangelo was disappointed because he told the pope he was not a painter, that he was a sculptor.

Genre Analysis free essay sample

Give a comprehensive discussion. Genre analysis as an area of inquiry is a framework for analyzing language use for different purposes, particularly for the teaching and learning of English for academic and professional purposes. To claim that the study becomes too product-oriented and prescriptivist violates the notion of dynamism in discourse for discourse is not merely the text, it is always context bound. It is related with human behavior which is not entirely predictable as man has the tendency to exploit conventions to express his private intentions (Bhatia, 2001) However, genre analysis may have the notion of being product-oriented and prescriptivist when genre analysts describe the differences in language use among the different areas of academic or professional disciplines for despite its dynamic nature its dynamism is confined within the group. A genre is not a genre if it does not belong to a category. Thus, discourse structure is essentially socio-cognitive where individual variation is underplayed and disciplinary community consensus is given foremost importance. We will write a custom essay sample on Genre Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page From amongst the studies we discussed in our Discourse class, it is evident that genre analysts investigate on the social practices of academic writing treating each section of a research article as a genre by itself. Martinez (2008), on the other hand, studied the construction of themes by different disciplines A lot of considerations or variables are made in the inquiry like differences between or amongst the different sections, interdisciplinary differences, NS (native speaker) versus NNS (non-native speaker) language use and so forth and so on. From the findings, they established frameworks, moves, strategies that would account for the communicative purpose/s of the genre. Nonetheless, it is also evident that the studies were made in order for the â€Å"generic integrity† (Bhatia, 2001) which the analysts or the academic communities believe they posses and which they would like to establish. In that case, then, genre analysis is prescriptivist and product-oriented. However, in the course of our pedagogical practices, we may have laid the communicative purpose/s of a genre but with the intricacy of human linguistic behaviors, we cannot impose on the specific language to use, rather, we can only determine whether the language used was able to accomplish its purpose. Purposes, on the other hand, as I may say so, vary according to disciplines, which I believe teachers of academic writing must put more attention. Going back to my previous premise, it is in the intricacy of human linguistic behaviors that make the study on genre analysis a dynamic one that is why analysts continue to seek patterns and have not really come up with a definite one as studies show. On the other hand, in utilizing these patterns inside the classrooms, I for one, believe that there must a balance between form and process. Form, having established rules must coincide with the content as the two create a sophisticated and adequate product of writing. Among ESL students in particular, many educators would be tolerant of putting more credit to the process as the acquisition of grammar rules cannot be autonomously acquired by non-native learners (Anderson, 1976, in Lucas’s SLA module) However, the contribution of form in writing must not be underplayed at all times. Its importance must conform with the level of the students say elementary pupils’ writing output must be assessed differently from those of the college students’ output. It is the same with establishing the objectives of teaching writing according to the needs of the students and teaching writing like any other language acquisition process must be understood from the point of view of our second language learners. In the case of the college students whose academic requirements entail them to write academically, exposure to good articles and an awareness that form and content make a good writing must be established.

A Real Trip essays

A Real Trip essays Umm, this pizza is good, and the crust is especially chewy and crispy. I think I need a little more saliva from my salivary glands to help wash this down! Chew, chew, chew, now that's better, little pieces are much better to digest than big pieces, and they float down the esophagus much better, too. What's that I feel? It's the chemical enzymes in my saliva, already acting on the chewed food to break it down before it begins the long journey through my body....what a trip! Oh, the enzymes cool my food too, so it doesn't burn my stomach when it arrives. After I chew my pizza, it travels down the esophagus, past the trap door (epiglottis) that makes sure my already digesting pizza doesn't take a side trip to the lungs, and mixes with more enzymes as it flows down the tube to the stomach, otherwise known as the esophagus. It's muscular, yet flexible, just like me...oh, I digress. As I swallow, the esophagus contracts, or undergoes peristalsis, moving the food right along to the stomach. I'm a big eater, and luckily, my stomach can hold up to two liters of food. Good thing, this is an extra-large pizza. There, my little molecule of crust, already converting into sugar by the amylase enzymes, and now, it mixes with the digestive enzyme called hydrochloric acid (HCL), or in the biz, "gastric juice." Ow, that hurts!!! My little molecule begins to break up even further as the protein around it begins to digest and the stomach enzyme pepsin breaks the protein into amino acid. Pepsin only exists in the stomach because it needs acid to thrive, and it's the only place where protein gets digested. So long pepperoni and cheese! Since I'm a starch turning into a sugar, it isn't time for my journey into the bloodstream yet. Now, my little molecule becomes part of the chyme, the liquid form of food and acid that starts the journey through the intestines. The chyme, and the final product that comes out of my "other end," retain my nor...

Men costume Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Men costume - Speech or Presentation Example The men in those times preferred a starched white shirt along with a white waist length linen. The dress shirts used in formal occasions did not have stitched buttons but rather had holes through which the studs could be passed to close the shirt. The collar was attached to shirt and the cufflinks were used to close the cuffs. A bow tie and a hat was used to finish the complete formal outfit in those times. In a less formal occasion a tuxedo would be used by the gentlemen in those times which always had a black tie to go with it. For a business trip the gentlemen in those times used a different type of apparel which consisted of a jacket a trouser and a vest of any colour. These business men preferred a slipknot tie known as ascot rather than a bowtie. The jackets that these people used were longer and roomier and the trousers which they used had cuffs and buttons. Young men going to the college preferred styles of those celebrities who were seen on the screens. The young generation preferred to settle with golfing knickers which were famous in those days along with a loose trouser. The sweaters these young men preferred were V shaped and they usually wore it over dress shirts. In the middle of the 1920s it was also seen that the young men preferred wearing baggy trousers which reached over to their knickers. Along with the trousers they wore jackets which had a front pocket.

Lean Production System Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lean Production System - Research Paper Example According to Pascal (2007) this production system has elevated many manufacturing companies over the years and it still has great significance in today’s corporate environment. Generally, this production system involves making a company efficient in terms of production and sleek provision of services to its consumers. The main reason as to why companies apply this system in their operation is to beat the stiff completion in the market and gain a greater competitive advantage. From a lean production system an organization is able to minimize the surplus and waste produced in an organization (Pascal, 2007). According to Wormack & Jones (2003) waste elimination was the first objective in the invention of both the Toyota Production System and the Lean Production System. The lean production system is governed by certain principles of which are aimed at reducing the production of waste in an organization. The principles include: Leveled production Pull system Continuous flow process ing 3Ms (Muda, Muri, Mura) Talk time Flexible workforce The 5Ss (sorting, sweeping, sifting, sustenance and spick and span). In leveled production the system aims at improving the company’s production on a single line of production. In this case an organization is made to produce more models of the same production. This is usually aimed at increasing the level in which the consumer’s needs and demands are catered for. To make it more efficient, different models of production are analyzed by determining the ratio of their demand (Pascal, 2007). From the ratios, the production then begins with a consideration of the demand level each model has. This reduces both shortage and waste of the produced goods. The pull system is like a backward movement of production where the consumers trigger the process. Without the demand of the consumer then there will be no production. For instance, a visit to McDonald in need of a burger, there is usually no burger ready yet until you or der. After you order the restaurant then begin the production of the burger. Generally, the system first considers demand before commencing with the production (Wormack & Jones, 2003). After the implementation of the pull system it is mandatory to have a continuous flow of processes. After demands from consumers, it is only logical if an organization can provide a smooth follow up with the process of production (Temple & Hunter, 2003). For this to be achievable every step in the production process should be well managed and formulated. The three Ms are word from the Japanese dictionary. Muda means non-valued added, mura means overburden and muri means unevenness. The three Ms are problems which hinder the effective application of the just in time production (Pascal, 2007). From the three Ms an organization has a clear picture on what to improve. Talk time refers to the time specified to complete a set of tasks. The talk time is usually governed by the consumer’s demand (Templ e & Hunter, 2003). For instance, if the time specified for the assembly of cars per day is 500 minutes and there are 100 cars to be assembled, the time taken to assemble one car should be five minutes. A flexible workforce is a staff that can be able to do any required operation at any given time. From a flexible workforce an organization makes it efficient to have the just in time production and have a well managed talk time. One company that has successfully implemented the Lean Production System is the Toyota

International human rights Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International human rights - Research Paper Example The crisis has led to the need for humanitarian assistance by 3.8 million people who have been affected by the violence in South Sudan. The affected people mainly live in the Upper Nile Region, Jonglei, Central Equatoria, Western Equatoria, Eastern Equatoria, and Lakes regions of South Sudan. This is the greatest human rights problem due to the large number of people affected by the crisis and the level of violence meted on innocent, vulnerable members of the community. Over 10,000 people have been killed in a crisis, and over five million people depend on humanitarian assistance between within and without the country in displacement campsii. The other reason for the crisis to be the greatest humanitarian crisis is that the violence has caused a threat of famine in South Sudan. Scholars, policy makers, and human rights organizations believe that the problem in South Sudan needs immediate attention by the United Nations, IGAD, regional organizations, and other international bodies to provide humanitarian aid and come together to solve the problem. The problem is caused by recent developments after the independence of South Sudan with the national government led by Salva Kiir unwilling to democratize and to take fewer measures to deliver basic services to the peopleiii. The result of this was the lack end of a common enemy anymore for SPLM, Khartoum, and their efforts for independence and self-determination. However, after achieving independence, splits in SPLM led to the differences and subsequent sacking of the vice president, Riek Machar among other elected leaders to silence dissent in SPLM resulting in violence and killings. United Nations, IGAD, European Union, United Kingdom, and neighboring countries are working on the South Sudan problem through taking efforts to ensure the differences between Riek Machar and President Salva Kiir

Effect of Ethylene on Musa Acuminata Ripeness

Effect of Ethylene on Musa Acuminata Ripeness Introduction The purpose of the experiment is to determine whether the amount of ethylene would affect the rate of ripeness of Musa acuminata. It is hypothesized that the amount of ethylene does affect the rate of ripeness of M. acuminata. The more the ethylene, the faster M. acuminata will ripen. This is because it stimulates plant response when it gets to the plant tissue. It is hypothesized that the banana with two slices of apple will ripen the fastest, followed by the banana with one slice of apple, and finally the control group, which consists of only a banana and no apples. Ethylene, also known as ethene, is a naturally occurring gas that is produced by ripening fruits. The chemical formula for ethylene is C2H4. Ethylene, which is shown in Figure 1, is a member of the alkene family, which includes any chemical that contains two carbons connected by a double bond and two other single bonds can be formed for each carbon (1, 2, 3). Ethylene can be used intentionally to ripen fruits. Some characteristics of ethylene are that its vapors from a boiling liquid are lighter than air and thus can rise easily, that it can easily be ignited, that it is not toxic at all (4). Ethylene affects plants by influencing plants growth, development, and how long they can be stored. External sources of ethylene can also have similar influence on fruits. A fruit produces significantly more ethylene during some stages of its development and when there are abiotic or biotic changes happening to it. A plant is affected and influenced when it is exposed to ethylene in the environment surrounding it or when it is close to a fruit that is producing excessive amounts of ethylene. The main purpose of having external sources of ethylene is to ripen fruits (1). Ethylene can only be produced under a condition where there is enough oxygen and not too much of carbon dioxide. The same condition must happen for ethylene to influence the fruits. Ethylene is spread throughout the fruit by diffusion. The rate of the production and diffusion depends what the stage of plant development that the plant is going through (1). Climacteric fruits, such as tomato, apple, pear, and melon, are those that increase the amount of ethylene significantly during the process of ripening. On the other hand, non-climacteric fruits, such as grape, orange, and pineapple, are those fruits that do not produce an excessive amount of ethylene during the process of ripening (1). Ethylene can only affect nearby tissue when it is produced in climacteric fruits or fruits that are injured. Examples of injured fruits or vegetables are when they are peeled, sliced, cut, or any kind of preparation or processing actions. For non-climacteric fruits that are not ripening yet, ethylene can reduce or slow down the production of itself. That means that when it is not ripening, a fruit that follows that criteria will not ripen so fast since the production of ethylene is stopped by ethylene itself. When climacteric fruits start to ripen, the ethylene leads to its own synthesis and a lot more of ethylene is produced. Because of this, the concentration of ethylene in the fruit increases rapidly and reaches such a high level that external ethylene source no longer has effects on the fruit (1). There is little effect when the external source of ethylene for fruits like apples and bananas is reduced, because the fruit itself has the ability to resist the diffusion and the fruit can produce ethylene at a very fast rate that exceeds the rate of diffusion of ethylene leaving the fruit to the surrounding (1). External ethylene source includes other plants, smoke, compressed ethylene gas, and chemicals that release ethylene. When a fruit is has just started to ripen, the concentration of ethylene in the fruit is low. At this time, reducing external ethylene source helps to slow down or delay the process of ripening significantly. When a fruit is wounded, which means that it is damaged, the rate of the production of ethylene increases. This leads to the fruit ripening earlier than normal or at a faster rate. The interactions between ethylene and the plants environment is also shown in Figure 2 (1). Ethylene production can be accelerated when there is external influence, such as injuries or wounds on the fruit. This causes the fruit to ripen faster since more ethylene was being produced. However, the result of external influence and internal development ultimately results in the same thing causing the fruit to ripen faster. As a result, it is difficult to tell if the fruit was ripening at a faster rate because it was damaged or if it was at that stage of plant development (5). External and internal ethylene sources like pollution, ethylene in the surrounding, ethylene production, and stress, both abiotic and biotic, all affect the plant tissue. When the plant tissue is influenced, it stimulates plant responses, such as producing excessive amounts of ethylene to start the ripening process (1). One way that this plant response can be delayed or slowed down is to store the fruit in a place like the refrigerator, where the temperature would be low so that the quality of the fruit can be preserved. Since ethylene can only be produced under a condition where there is enough oxygen and not too much carbon dioxide, lowering the amount of oxygen around the fruit can also slow down the process of ripening. In addition, the rate of the process of ripening can also be reduced by increasing the amount of carbon dioxide around the area so that ethylene cannot be produced as effectively (1). Ethylene in bananas causes the banana to lose chlorophyll and turn into a yellow color from a green color. When ethylene is removed or reduced, the color changes can be delayed and the fruit can be stored for a longer period of time (1). Ethylene can cause a fruit to be softened and produce a different or stronger aroma, texture, and taste. Usually, ripened fruits become sweeter than unripe fruits. In addition, the difference of the amount of ascorbic acid between ripened fruits and unripe fruits is not very significant (1). Figure 1: Ethylene Figure 2: Ethylene interactions with plants and environment Bibliography Saltreit, Mikal E. Effect of Ethylene on Quality of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables. Postharvest Biology and Techonology 15 (1999): 279-92. 11 Nov. 1998. Web. 27 Oct. 2016. http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/datastore/234-2189.pdf. ethylene (H2C=CH2). Encyclopaedia Britannia. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc., 2016. Web. 19 Oct. 2016. http://www.britannica.com/science/ethylene. OLeary, Donal. Alkenes Chemical Properties. Alkenes. 2000. Web 29 Oct. 2016 http://www.ucc.ie/academic/chem/dolchem/html/dict/alkenes.html. ETHYLENE. National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2016. http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Ethene#section=Top. Abe, Kazuhiro, and Alley E. Watada. Ethylene Absorbent to Maintain Quality of Lightly Processed Fruits and Vegetables. Journal of Food Science 56 (1991): 1589-592. Web. 19. Oct. 2016. http://ucanr.edu/datastoreFiles/234-1777.pdf.

The Great Gatsby: The Sympathetic Readers Essay -- Great Gatsby Essays

The Great Gatsby:  Ã‚   The Sympathetic Readers You can easily become very sympathetic to a character by how the author portrays him or her in a story. In The Great Gatsby the main character is an ostentatious bootlegger who pines for one thing, a married woman. Somehow, the author swindles the reader into being sympathetic for Gatsby throughout the entire novel. Fitzgerald makes the reader compassionate by showing how Gatsby had extravagant parties for anyone who wanted to come, how he struggled to get ahead in life, and how he endeavored for Daisy's love.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Gatsby had an exuberant and lavish party almost every night. His house was full of people, some of whom he had never met before. "I believe that on the first night I went to Gatsby's house I was one of the few guests who had actually been invited. People were not invited - they went there." (45) Some may think Gatsby was just trying to swagger. However, if this was the circumstance he would have just invited the people he wanted to show off to. To hold these prodigal parties Gatsby may have obtained money from racketeering but he still used it appropriately. He had dignified caterers, brilliant and luminous lights, scrumptious and exquisite food, and a grand orchestra at all of his parties. Gatsby let people have a great time at his expense. "I like to come," one guest said. "I never care what I do, so I always have a good time. When I was here last a I tore my gown on a chair, and he (Gatsby) asked me my name and address-inside of a week I got a package from Croirier's with a new evening gown in it." This incident was not even Gatsby's fault, but he was kind enough to pay for a brand new, exorbitant dress. Despite Gatsby's ex... ...sby fabricated that he had been the one driving the car. He waited outside Daisy's house just to make sure Tom didn't aggrieve Daisy.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The dictionary defines "great" as an adjective that means remarkable in magnitude, degree, or effectiveness, full of emotion, eminent, distinguished, grand, markedly superior in character or quality, noble, remarkably skilled, marked by enthusiasm, used as a generalized term of approval. All of these terms together though can not adequately describe Gatsby. Nick declares, "They're a rotten crowd. You're worth the whole damn bunch put together." Nick vocally expresses his admiration for The Great Gatsby. The reader is compelled to agree, conjuring up all of the sentiments of the very definitions of "great". Despite some of the methods and antics utilized by Gatsby, in the end we all became sympathetic readers. The Great Gatsby: The Sympathetic Readers Essay -- Great Gatsby Essays The Great Gatsby:  Ã‚   The Sympathetic Readers You can easily become very sympathetic to a character by how the author portrays him or her in a story. In The Great Gatsby the main character is an ostentatious bootlegger who pines for one thing, a married woman. Somehow, the author swindles the reader into being sympathetic for Gatsby throughout the entire novel. Fitzgerald makes the reader compassionate by showing how Gatsby had extravagant parties for anyone who wanted to come, how he struggled to get ahead in life, and how he endeavored for Daisy's love.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Gatsby had an exuberant and lavish party almost every night. His house was full of people, some of whom he had never met before. "I believe that on the first night I went to Gatsby's house I was one of the few guests who had actually been invited. People were not invited - they went there." (45) Some may think Gatsby was just trying to swagger. However, if this was the circumstance he would have just invited the people he wanted to show off to. To hold these prodigal parties Gatsby may have obtained money from racketeering but he still used it appropriately. He had dignified caterers, brilliant and luminous lights, scrumptious and exquisite food, and a grand orchestra at all of his parties. Gatsby let people have a great time at his expense. "I like to come," one guest said. "I never care what I do, so I always have a good time. When I was here last a I tore my gown on a chair, and he (Gatsby) asked me my name and address-inside of a week I got a package from Croirier's with a new evening gown in it." This incident was not even Gatsby's fault, but he was kind enough to pay for a brand new, exorbitant dress. Despite Gatsby's ex... ...sby fabricated that he had been the one driving the car. He waited outside Daisy's house just to make sure Tom didn't aggrieve Daisy.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The dictionary defines "great" as an adjective that means remarkable in magnitude, degree, or effectiveness, full of emotion, eminent, distinguished, grand, markedly superior in character or quality, noble, remarkably skilled, marked by enthusiasm, used as a generalized term of approval. All of these terms together though can not adequately describe Gatsby. Nick declares, "They're a rotten crowd. You're worth the whole damn bunch put together." Nick vocally expresses his admiration for The Great Gatsby. The reader is compelled to agree, conjuring up all of the sentiments of the very definitions of "great". Despite some of the methods and antics utilized by Gatsby, in the end we all became sympathetic readers.

Requirements for Research Essay

Abstract This study entitled â€Å"Orange (Citrus Sinensis) Peelings Extract as an Alternative shoe Polish† aims to aims to determine if orange peeling oil extract be a good alternative for shoe polish specifically to answer the following questions (1) What specific properties of the shoe polish produced are present/ identified? (2) What are the physical properties of the orange peeling extract shoe polish as to texture, color, and odor? (3) Is there significant difference/s between the orange peeling extract and coconut oil shoe polish with that of the other commercially sold shoe polish in terms of: polish-ness, odor, and texture? The researcher then conducted a series of experiments to test the project. These processes are the extraction of oil from the orange peelings that would be then mixed with the coconut oil produced (cooked) from the coconut plant and the testing and comparing of the alternative shoe polish made with that of the commercially sold shoe polish. The test was conducted with the use of leather shoes as the test object. The results showed that the alternative shoe polish produced has almost the same qualities as to that of the commercially sold shoe polish in terms of its physical properties. The produced shoe polish made the shoes shine a little bit and produced a nice odor considering the natural scent of the orange oil which is added to the mixture. The researcher recommends  trying testing different ratios of each and seeing in what trial it produced the best shoe polish. Further reading about the project is also recommended to widen the scope of study and to produce an alternative shoe polish that would be of help in aiming for the alternative shoe polish with the nearest qualities with that of commercial shoe polish. Acknowledgement The researcher wish to extend her sincerest appreciation to the following people who helped make this research. They are the ones who helped and supported me in performing this research. First to our Project Adviser and Research Teacher, Ma’am Juliet Ilustre-Herreria for continuously guiding and helping me throughout the making of my investigatory project; asked some tricky questions and suggested some opinions that eventually helped a lot in making the project. Next, to my cousin, Sherwin Keith Saringan for helping me choose what project to make and giving some information that could be of great help. To my parents, Mr. and Mrs. Balcorta for me giving support and supplying the materials that would be needed for this project to be completed. To my classmates and friends for giving encouragement whenever I lose hope and most of all to the Lord, up above, for answering my prayers and continuously guiding me in doing this research. Without these people around me, my investigatory project entitled, Orange (Citrus sinensis) Peeling Extract as an Alternative Shoe Polish, won’t be finished.

Willis Carrier and the Invention of Air Conditioning

Willis Carrier and the Invention of Air Conditioning I fish only for edible fish, and hunt only for edible game, even in the laboratory, Willis Haviland Carrier once said about being practical. In 1902, only one year after Willis  Carrier graduated from Cornell University with a Masters in  Engineering,  his first air conditioning unit was in operation. This made one Brooklyn printing plant owner very happy. Fluctuations in heat and humidity in his plant kept causing the dimensions of his printing paper to alter and create misalignment of the colored inks. The new air conditioning machine created a stable environment and, as a result, aligned four-color printing became possible – all thanks to Carrier, a new employee at the Buffalo Forge Company who started working for a salary of only $10 a week. The â€Å"Apparatus for Treating Air† The â€Å"Apparatus for Treating Air† was the first of several patents awarded to Willis Carrier in 1906. Although he’s recognized as the â€Å"father of air conditioning,† the term â€Å"air conditioning† actually originated with textile engineer Stuart H. Cramer. Cramer used the phrase â€Å"air conditioning† in a 1906 patent claim he  filed for a device that added water vapor to the air in textile plants to condition the yarn. Carrier disclosed his basic Rational Psychrometric Formulae to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1911. The formula still stands today as the basis in all fundamental calculations for the air conditioning industry. Carrier said he received his â€Å"flash of genius† while he was waiting for a train on a foggy night. He was thinking about the problem of temperature and humidity control and by the time the train arrived, he said he had an understanding of the relationship between temperature, humidity and dew point. The Carrier Engineering Corporation Industries flourished with this new ability to control the temperature and humidity levels during and after production. Film, tobacco, processed meats, medical capsules, textiles and other products gained significant improvements as a result. Willis Carrier  and six other engineers formed the Carrier Engineering Corporation in 1915 with starting capital of $35,000. In 1995, sales topped $5 billion. The company was dedicated to improving air conditioning technology. The Centrifugal Refrigeration Machine Carrier patented the centrifugal refrigeration machine in 1921. This centrifugal chiller was the first practical method for  air conditioning large spaces. Previous refrigeration machines used reciprocating piston-driven compressors to pump refrigerant through the system, which was often toxic and flammable ammonia. Carrier designed a centrifugal compressor similar to the centrifugal turning blades of a water pump. The result was a safer and more efficient chiller. Consumer Comfort Cooling for human comfort rather than industrial need began in 1924 when three Carrier centrifugal chillers were installed in the J.L. Hudson Department Store in Detroit, Michigan. Shoppers flocked to the â€Å"air  conditioned† store. This boom in human cooling spread from department stores to the movie theaters, most notably the Rivoli Theater in New York whose summer film business skyrocketed when it heavily advertised cool comfort. Demand increased for smaller units and the Carrier Company obliged. Residential Air Conditioners Willis Carrier developed the first residential â€Å"Weathermaker† in 1928, an air conditioner for private home use. The Great Depression and  World War II slowed the non-industrial use of air conditioning, but consumer sales rebounded after the war. The rest is cool and comfortable history.

Complete List of 100+ Free Online High Schools

Complete List of 100+ Free Online High Schools SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Online high schools can be a way for students to take high school classes and graduate at theirown pace, without having to adhere to strict schedules and the distractions of a traditional school. So if you feel that an in-person school isn't right for you for whateverreason, an online school might be the perfect fit. We’ll give you a list of all the (tuition free!) online high schools available in the United States, as well as how they work, and how and why an online high school could be right for you. So let's get started! What Is an Online High School? Anonline high school is any school that teaches and takes place virtually, rather than in-person. Some online high schools are hybrid programs where students must spend a portionof their time in a physical location, but a fully online high school program takes place completelyvirtually. Students in completeonlineprograms do not go to a physical building to learn each day, but instead are allowed to learn in any place with an internet connection, takingcourses online and typically interacting with their teachers via virtual classrooms, through email, and/or over the phone. A typical school day for students enrolled in online high schools is much like a typical day for other public school students, with about 5-6 hours spent learning and engaging in classwork, and additional time spent on homework. So, although studentscan generally set their own schedules with an online school, the amount of time required for coursework and studies remainsthe same whether the school takes place online or in person. In addition to the standard coursework,many online high school programs offer school activities, trips, contests, and virtual clubs to help students interact and get to know one another. So online students can often reap many of the same the benefits they could get from an in-person school, with all the additional perks of attending school online. Different Types of OnlineHigh Schools Just like physical schools, online highschools can be divided into two broad categories of public and private schools. And just like physical schools, the differences between the two types can be broken down like so: Online publichighschools(which can also becharter schools) use state-licensed and certified teachers, charge NO tuition, follow state education standards, and award you with a legal high school diploma upon completion of the required credits and courses. These schools are government funded, just like physical public schools. Online private high schools follow their own education requirements and standards (rather than state standards),charge tuition,and will ultimately award you with a high school diploma once you have completed the program. These schools are privately funded, just like with physical private schools. Whether private or public, manyonline schools require theirstudents to be a resident of the state or a particular school district, while other schools accept studentswho live inany stateor school district (or students who have no fixed address). Other online schools accept out of state students, but charge them tuition that in-state students do not have to pay. Ultimately, it's up to the applicant to double-check whether the school of their choice has any restrictions based on student address. Not every state has an online public school, so studentswho live in one of these states (or students who have no fixed address) and want to attend high school online must either enroll inan online school thataccepts out of state students or in a private online high school. If money is your main concern, then public school is definitely the way to go. List of All Free Online High Schools in the US Because we're focusing on only the free online high schools in this article, we are only listingonline public high schools in the US. After the list of the online public schools in the States, we will give a breakdown of the benefits of attendingan online high school and whether or not it could be the right fit for you. To navigate more quickly to your state of choice, click on one of the states below: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas,Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi,Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico,North Carolina,Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania,South Carolina, South Dakota,Texas, Utah,Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming [Note: if your state is not listed, it does not currently have a free online high school.] Click here to skip the list and go straight to reading about reasons to attend an online high school. Alabama Alabama Virtual Academy Conch County Virtual School Alaska Fairbanks Correspondence KPBSD Connections Frontier Charter School iGrad Alaska Arizona Agave Middle and High School Arizona Connections Academy Arizona Virtual Academy Hope High School Online Humanities and Sciences/International Commerce High School Insight Academy of Arizona Pinnacle Online High School Primavera Online High School Sequoia Choice Distance Leaerning Southern Arizona Community Academy Arkansas Arkansas Virtual Academy California A3 World Language Academy(Available for students living in: Kern, Los Angeles, Orange, San Bernardino, and Ventura counties) A3 California Prep(Available for students living in: Butte, Colusa, Fresno, Impreial, Inyo, Kern, Kings, Los Angeles, Madera, Merced, Mono, Monterey, Orange, Placer, Riverside, Sacramento, San Benito, San Bernardino, San Diego, Santa Barbara, Sutter, Tulare, Ventura, Yolo and Yuba counties) Academy of Arts and Sciences(Available for students living in: Contra Costa, Fresno, Imperial, Inyo, Kern, Kings, Lake, Los Angeles, Madera, Marin, Mendocino, Merced, Mono, Monterey, Napa, Orange, Riverside, San Benito, San Bernardino, San Diego, Santa Barbara, Solano, Sonoma, Tulare and Ventura counties) California Connections Academy, a consortiumof four different schools: Capistrano(available for students living in:Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and San Diego counties) Central(available for students living in:Fresno, Inyo, Kern, Kings, and Tulare counties) North Bay(available for students living in:Colusa, Glenn, Lake, Mendocino, Napa, Sonoma, and Yolo counties) Ripon(available for students living in:Alameda, Amador, Calaveras, Contra Costa, Sacramento, San Joaquin, Santa Clara, and Stanislaus counties) California Virtual Academies Clovis Online School (Available for students living in:Fresno, Inyo, Kings, Madera, Merced, Mono, Monterey, San Benito, and Tulare counties) Delta Charter Schools Gateway Virtual Academy(Available for students living in: Merced, Fresno, Madera, Mariposa, Stanislaus, Santa Clara, San Benito, and Tuolumne counties) Insight Schools of California Inspire Charter Schools iQ Academy of California, Los Angeles(Available for students living in: Los Angeles, Kern, Orange, San Bernardino and Ventura counties) Keith McCarthy Academy(Available for students living in the Lake Elsinore School District) Method Schools(Available for students living in: Orange, Riverside, San Diego, Imperial, Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Ventura, and Kern counties) Moreno Valley Online Academy(Available for students living in the Moreno Valley Unified School District) Riverside Virtual School Sierra Plumas Virtual Academy(Available for students living in Sierra County) Colorado 70 Online(Available for students living in the Pueblo County School District 70) Colorado Preparatory Academy Colorado Virtual Academy Destinations Career Academy of Colorado Grand River Academy Peak Virtual Academy(Available for students living in the Montrose School District) Pikes Peak Online School PSD Global Academy Springs Studio for Academic Excellence World Academy Florida Bay Virtual Instruction Program(Available for students living in Bay County) Calhoun Virtual Instruction Program(Available for students living in Calhoun County) Clay Virtual Academy(Available for students living in Clay County) Collier Virtual School(Available for students living in Collier County) Florida Cyber Charter Academy(Available for students living in Clay, Duval, Hillsborough, Palm Beach, Pasco, Pinellas, and Osceola Counties) Florida Virtual School Franklin Virtual Instruction Program(Available for students living in Franklin County) Glades Virtual Instruction Program(Available for students living in Glades County) Indian River Virtual Instruction Program(Available for students living in Indian River County) Jackson County Virtual Instruction Program(Available for students living in Jackson County) Liberty County Virtual Instruction Program(Available for students living in Liberty County) Madison County Virtual School(Available for students living in Madison County) Miami-Dade Online Academy(Available for students living in Miami-Dade County) Mosaic Digital Academy(Available for students living in Martin, Okeechobee, and St. Lucie counties) MyDistrict Virtual School(Available for students living in: Baker, Bradford, Columbia, Dixie, Flagler, Gilchrist, Hamilton, Hardee, Hendry, Highlands, Lafayette, Levy, Monroe, Nassau, Okeechobee, Putnam, and Union counties) Nassau County Virtual School(Available for students living in Nassau County) Okaloosa County Virtual School(Available for students living in Okaloosa County) Osceola Virtual School(Available for students living in Osceola County) Polk County Virtual School(Available for students living in Polk County) Santa Rosa Online(Available for students living in Santa Rosa County) Sarasota Virtual School(Available for students living in Sarasota County) St. Johns County Virtual School(Available for students living in St. Johns County) Volusia Virtual School(Available for students living in Volusia County) Washington County Virtual School(Available for students living in Washington County) Georgia Georgia Cyber Academy Thomas County Virtual Program(Available to students living in: Thomas, Brooks, Mitchell and Colquitt counties) Wilcox County Schools Online Education Program(Available to students living in Wilcox County) Hawaii Hawaii Technology Academy Idaho Icon: Idaho Connects Online School Idaho Connections Academy Idaho Distance Education Academy Idaho Technical Career Academy Idaho Virtual Academy iSucceed Virtual High School Illinois Chicago Virtual Charter School(Available to students who reside within Chicago city limits and can attend the Learning Center for instruction once a week) Cambridge Academy at Cambridge Lakes Charter School Hadley Institute for the Blind and Visually Impaired Indiana Hoosier Academies Iowa Iowa Virtual Academy Kansas Basehor-Linwood Virtual School Haven Virtual Academy Insight School of Kansas Insight School of Kansas Adult Kansas Connections Academy Kansas Virtual Academy Lawrence Virtual School Turning Point Virtual Program Louisiana Grambling Laboratory Virtual School Louisiana Virtual Charter Academy Mentorship Academy Southern University Laboratory Virtual School Vernon Parish School District Maine Maine Virtual Academy Massachusetts Massachusetts Virtual Academy at Greenfield Commonwealth Virtual School Michigan Insight School of Michigan Jenison International Academy(Available to students who live in Ottawa, Kent, Muskegon, Newaygo, Montcalm, Ionia, Barry, and Allegan counties) Michigan District Virtual Programs Michigan Great Lakes Virtual Academy Michigan Virtual Charter Academy Westwood Cyber High School Minnesota Bluesky Charter School eMinnesota Online Academy Insight School of Minnesota iQ Academy Minnesota LinK ¹Ã‚ ² Lakeville Minnesota Connections Academy Minnesota Virtual Academy Minnesota Virtual High School MN Online High School VIBE Academy Wolf Creek Online Charter School Mississippi Mississippi Virtual Public School Nevada Nevada Connections Academy Nevada Virtual Academy Northeastern Nevada Virtual Academy New Hampshire Virtual Learning Academy New Jersey Newark Prep Charter School(Available to students residing within the city of Newark) New Mexico New Mexico Virtual Academy North Carolina North Carolina Virtual School Ohio Electronic Classroom of Tomorrow Insight School of Ohio Ohio Connections Academy Ohio Distance and Electronic Learning Academy Ohio Virtual Academy TRECA Digital Academy Oklahoma Insight School of Oklahoma Oklahoma Virtual Charter Academy Oregon Albany Online! Bend-La Pine Schools Online(Available to students in grades K–12 residing in the Bend-La Pine district and surrounding areas.) Crater Lake Charter Academy(Available to students residing in Jackson County School District and neighboring districts) Hermiston Online Program(Students from Hermiston district preferred, but will accept out of district students) Insight School of Oregon- Painted Hills Monroe School District Online(Available to students residing in Benton County.) North Wasco Virtual Academy Oregon Connections Academy Oregon iSchool Oregon Virtual Academy Pennsylvania 21st Century Cyber Charter School Achievement House Cyber Charter School Agora Cyber Charter School Bald Eagle Area Cyber Academy(Available to students who reside within district) Bangor Area School District Cyber School(Available to students who reside in Bangor, East Bangor, Portland, and Roseto, Lower Mount Bethel, Upper Mount Bethel, and Washington.) Berks Online Learning(Available to students residing in Berks County.) Boyertown Area School District Brandywine Heights Area School District Carlisle Area School District Central PA Digital Learning Foundation Conestoga Valley Virtual Academy(Available to students residing in Conestoga Valley School District) Ephrata Virtual Academy(Available to students residing in the Ephrata Area School District) Pennsylvania Cyber Charter School Pennsylvania Virtual Charter School Reach Cyber Charter School Southeast Delco School District Steelton-Highspire School District(Available to students in the Steelton-Highspire School District) Tulpehocken Virtual Academy(Available to students in Tulpehocken Area School District.) South Carolina Provost Academy of South Carolina South Carolina Connections Academy South Carolina Virtual Charter School South Dakota Black Hills Online Learning Community Texas Texas Online Preparatory School Texas Virtual Academy Texas Virtual School Utah Utah Virtual Academy Washington Insight School of Washington Internet Academy iQ Academy Washington(Available to students who live in the Evergreen Public School District) Learning 2 eSchoolof Wichita Mid Columbia Partnership North Franklin Virtual Academy(Available to students residing within North Franklin District) Washington Virtual Academies West Virginia West Virginia Virtual School Wisconsin Destinations Career Academy of Wisconsin IQ Academy Mighty River Virtual Academy Oregon School District Online Sparta Area School District Wisconsin Rapids Virtual School Program(Available to students residing in Wisconsin Rapids School District) Wisconsin Virtual Academy Wisconsin Virtual Learning Wyoming Washakie #1 Online(Available for students living in Washakie #1 County school district) Wyoming Connections Academy Wyoming Virtual Academy Reasons to Attend an Online High School Attending high school online isn't right for everyone, but for some, it can be the best way to earn a high school diploma. If you're thinking about enrolling in an online public school, you may want to think about whether these reasons apply to you and your circumstances. Schedule and Study Flexibility Taking courses online, rather than in person, allows students to set their own study schedules. So long as you engage in the school program for the necessary number of hours per week and complete your assignments, most programs allow you to study when and where you want. So if you're someone who hasan outside interestthattakes considerable time and needs to be scheduled arounddedicated athletes, artists, peopleworking full time, or anyone else who has tocommithours outside of school every weekattending high school online can give you the necessary flexibility to balance school with your other activities. Can Set Your Own Learning Pace Online high schools allow students to learn at their own pace, whether that pace is faster or slower than that of a typical physical public school.Because the courses in an online program are self-directed, this allows students to settheir own learning speed,rather than feeling frustrated that aclass is going too fast or too slow based on the needs of a whole group ofstudents. So if you are an academic achiever who wants to get ahead of your grade/age level, or are someone who is falling behind academically and need to slow down from your grade/age level, an online high school experience might be the right fit for you. Can Study From Home or on the Move There are an endless variety of reasons why taking classes and studying from home may be preferableto taking classes at a physical school. For these people, taking classes online is the perfect way to stay in school without being beholden to attending school physically. Perhaps you have a family that frequently moves and so cannot stay in one place for long enough to attend aphysical school. Perhaps you are someone who doesn't have easy access to a physical school or feels that nearby schools are unsuitable for whatever reason.Or perhaps you aresomeonewitha chronic medical condition or someone who needs to be otherwise home bound. Whatever the reason you may find taking classes from home is more suitable than taking classes outside the home, online high schools can provide the accommodationand adaptability that so many students need to complete their studies An Option for Teenagers or Adults Who Never Finished High School On average, people who receivea high school diploma earnmore than those who receivea GED. So, if you're someone who never attended or completed high school for any reason, you might think about earning an official diploma rather than testing out for your GED. An online high school program could be the right fit for you if younever completed high school, butstill want the complete high school experienceandan accredited diploma to show for it. What's Next? Want to learn more about online high school programs? Check out what it means for a high school to be accreditedand how to avoid non-accredited online schools. Still undecided whether or not an online high school is right for you? Learn more aboutthe pros and cons of attending an online high school. Thinking about different kinds of alternative schools (other than online)? Check out our guide to alternative schools and how they might be the right fit for you. Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Courtney Montgomery About the Author Courtney scored in the 99th percentile on the SAT in high school and went on to graduate from Stanford University with a degree in Cultural and Social Anthropology. She is passionate about bringing education and the tools to succeed to students from all backgrounds and walks of life, as she believes open education is one of the great societal equalizers. She has years of tutoring experience and writes creative works in her free time. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Proofing Memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Proofing Memo - Essay Example Then I automatically spell and grammar check through a computer program. After completing the computer program, I reread the piece one more time. While creating this document, I do not sit continuously at the computer. I get up every once in awhile to stretch, take a bathroom break, or get a drink. This helps me refocus upon my task. This is a good time to check margins and tabs. Formatting a word document depends on the computer program being used. Spacing, paragraphs, and margins are important for several reasons. The most primary reason is so your document can be printer ready. Without the correct formatting, printing can cause the document to run together, lose page numbers, or have incorrect headers or footers. Formatting is also vital for email and faxing documents. No matter how good an item is proofread, if the formatting is wrong, the document will not arrive to the intended target in a professional manner. When checking a document’s formatting, searching for one type of mistake at a time can help catch more mistakes. For example, first look for spelling errors only. Then grammar errors can be searched for in your document. Page numbers, headings, footnotes, font size and type, or any other error can be looked for one type of error at a time. This helps focus your attention on one type of mistake, instead of trying to take the whole document in at once. If I try to look for all the mistakes at once, I generally miss one type, due to my focus being divided. Then I practice another familiar technique. I walk away from my project for the day. After a good night’s sleep, I come back to my computer. Sometimes, I only take a nap. The point is to rest before continuing work. Then I reread what is written. Many times I can see where in the heat of the moment, I did not logically write what I meant. Since some spelling and grammar mistakes will not be picked up by a computer

Discuss the ways in which contemporary organisational theory can be Essay

Discuss the ways in which contemporary organisational theory can be read as criticism of organisational theories developed in the course of the 20th century - Essay Example During the early 20th century the imperialist era started while the situation then demanded the workers of revolutionary and the new type parties are said to be capable to lead then bring the completions which was then victorious as the struggle that is against bourgeoisie preserving the rule and then set up the repressive ramification with state apparatus, the military machine which is said to be powerful and the means in economic, political and ideological for the purpose of disuniting as well s disarming with those people who are working. The workers of new type are said to be capable in order to lead the class who are working and not to be advanced as well as organized and conscious part in politics with the class considerably working but also in the organization as the highest form that directs all the proletarian organizations with all forms of struggles by the proletariat. There is also evolution of capitalism during the 20th century with pre-monopoly capitalism that becomes v ery imperative with the said working class raising the This is also the period that marked the struggle which is against the right line of opportunist in terms of International leadership in order to build the revolutionary parties that is proletarian capable to lead the socialist revolutions in terms of the countries classified as the capitalist imperialist and the revolutions that are said to be democratic in Asia, African and those countries who are said to Latin-American under the oppression and plunder while both the revolutionary trends may form the integral parts of the world as the revolution in socialist area as well as the organization and at the same time leading the proletariat with the toiling masses in terms of democracy and of course socialism. The struggle was then experienced on all the fronts under the CPSU leadership leading to the great victory regarding the Revolution of October while forming the Third International as well as the communist parties' formation that happened and experience all over the world which was then surrounded with the class as revolutionary and organizational mass. The adverse were said to be the real break through from the stagnant period facing the movement of revolution by the first decade of the 20th century. The trade unions was then organized as part of the said activities which was then during the period while Lenin was able to write the Trade Union Organizations considerably of tremendous value that served the development as well as the economic struggle consolidation but became very important in terms of auxiliary in agitation for politics and the organizational revolution and those right who are Contemporary Organizational Theory P

Busnisse law final exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Busnisse law final exam - Essay Example The above scenario can therefore be discussed under promissory estoppel which is a legal law that requires the promisor to honor his or her promise to the promisee. The board in its meeting passed a decision which was based on a promise about paying Faithful $3000 per month as pension as a sort of reward after he retires. The pension promise is implemented only for a period less than two years of which he was in good health. The new president therefore stopping his pension payment despite it having been recorded by the board is nothing short of a breach of a promise. It can be argued that the real reason the pension was stopped was because Faithful became ill and hence was thought to therefore be in no position to assist the company in any way despite him being retired and would therefore be more of a liability than an asset. According to the promissory estoppel, even though it is not legally binding in the sense of a contract with mutual consent, the promisor still has to honor the promise made to the promisee no matter the situation. The court can therefore demand the company to continue paying Faithful the promised pension whether he is sick or not and with this ruling, Faithful can recover his promised pension and continue to enjoy it as before. Homeowner is legally liable to be compensated by Better and also Retailer under negligence defense in the law of tort because of the newly enforced law in the state of East Colombia. According to him, he thought that the mower manufacturer and even seller had honored and implemented the law and hence he was sure it was safe for him to reach under the mower once he applied the brakes on it. In order to prove liability and make a strong defense, the plaintiff suing for negligence has to have had a duty of care from the defense, the duty has to have been breached and caused damage to the plaintiff (Miller and Cross, 123). All these conditions have been

Essential Functions of a Project Manager Essay Example for Free

Essential Functions of a Project Manager Essay The Essential Functions of a Project Manager A project manager (PM) is a facilitator. The ideal project manager does whatever it takes to ensure that the members of the project team can do their work. This means working with management to ensure they provide the resources and support required as well as dealing with team issues that are negatively impacting a teams productivity. The project manager must possess a combination of skills including the ability to ask penetrating questions, identify unstated assumptions, and resolve personnel conflicts along with more systematic management skills. This person is responsible for initiating, planning, executing, controlling and closing a project. The actions of a project manager should be almost unnoticeable and when a project is moving along smoothly people are sometimes tempted to question the need for a project manager. However, when you take the skilled project manager out of the mix, the project is much more likely to miss deadlines and exceed budgets. The project manager is the one who is responsible for making decisions in such a way that risk is controlled and uncertainty minimized. Every decision made by the project manager should ideally be directly benefit the project. A successful PM must simultaneously manage the four basic elements of a project: resources (people, equipment, material), time (task duration, dependencies, critical path), money (costs, contingencies, profits), and most importantly, scope (project size, goals, profit). All these elements are interrelated. Each must be managed effectively. All must be managed together if the project, and the project manager, is to be a success. The Scope element of a project is the most important and it is the first and last task for a successful project manager. First and foremost you have to manage the project scope. The project scope is the definition of what the project is supposed to accomplish and the budget (of time and money) that has been created to achieve these objectives. It is absolutely imperative that any change to the scope of the project have a matching change in budget, either time or resources. If the project scope is to build a building to house three widgets with a budget of $100,000 the project manager is expected to do that. However, if the scope is changed to a building for four widgets, the project manager must obtain an appropriate change in budgeted resources. If the budget is not adjusted, the smart project manager will avoid the change in scope. Usually, scope changes occur in the form of scope creep. Scope creep is the piling up of small changes that by themselves are manageable, but in aggregate are significant. It is necessary to make sure any requested change, no matter how small, is accompanied by approval for a change in budget or schedule or both. A PM cannot effectively manage the resources, time and money in a project unless you actively manage the project scope. When the project scope is clearly identified and associated to the timeline and budget, the PM can begin to manage the project resources. These include the people, equipment, and material needed to complete the project. A successful PM must effectively manage the Resources assigned to the project. This includes the labor hours of the designers, the builders, the testers and the inspectors on the project team. It also includes managing any labor subcontracts. However, managing project resources frequently involves more than people management. The project manager must also manage the equipment used for the project and the material needed by the people and equipment assigned to the project. Managing the people resources means having the right people, with the right skills and the proper tools, in the right quantity at the right time. It also means ensuring that they know what needs to be done, when, and how. And it means motivating them to take ownership in the project too. Managing direct employees normally means managing the senior person in each group of employees assigned to your project. These employees also have a line manager to whom they report and from whom the usually take technical direction. In a matrix management situation, like a project team, the PM’s job is to provide project direction to them. Managing labor subcontracts usually means managing the team lead for the subcontracted workers, who in turn manages the workers. The equipment a PM has to manage as part of the project depends on the nature of the project. A project to construct a frozen food warehouse would need earth moving equipment, cranes, and cement trucks. For a project to release a new version of a computer game, the equipment would include computers, test equipment, and duplication and packaging machinery. The project management key for equipment is much like for people resources. They have to make sure workers have the right equipment in the right place at the right time and that it has the supplies it needs to operate properly. Most projects involve the purchase of material. For a frozen food arehouse, this would be freezers, the building HVAC machinery and the material handling equipment. For a project to release a music CD by a hot new artist, it would include the CD blanks, artwork for the jewel case, and press releases to be sent to deejays. The project management issue with supplies is to make sure the right supplies arrive at the right time. All the skill in managing resources wont help, however, unless the PM can stic k to the project schedule. Time management is critical in successful project management. Time management is a critically important skill for any successful project manager. Project managers who succeed in meeting their project schedule have a good chance of staying within their project budget. The most common cause of blown project budgets is lack of schedule management. Fortunately there is a lot of software on the market today to help manage project schedule or timeline. Any project can be broken down into a number of tasks that have to be performed. To prepare the project schedule, the project manager has to figure out what the tasks are, how long they will take, what resources they require, and in what order they should be done. Each of these elements has a direct bearing on the schedule. If a task is omitted, the project wont be completed. If the length of time or the amount of resources required for the task is underestimated, the schedule will be missed. The schedule can also be blown if a mistake in the sequencing of the tasks is made. The PM needs to build the project schedule by listing, in order, all the tasks that need to be completed. Assign duration to each task. Allocate the required resources. Determine predecessors (what tasks must be completed before) and successors (tasks that cant start until after) each task. The difficulty in managing a project schedule is that there are seldom enough resources and enough time to complete the tasks sequentially. Therefore, tasks have to be overlapped so several happen at the same time. Project management software greatly simplifies the task of creating and managing the project schedule by handling the iterations in the schedule logic. When all tasks have been listed, resourced, and sequenced, it is noticeable that some tasks have a little flexibility in their required start and finish date. This is called float. A line through all the tasks with zero float is called the critical path. All tasks on this path, and there can be multiple, parallel paths, must be completed on time if the project is to be completed on time. The Project Managers key time management task is to manage the critical path. Be aware, that items can be added to or removed from the critical path as circumstances change during the execution of the project. Installation of security cameras may not be on the critical path, but if the shipment is delayed, it may become part of the critical path. Conversely, pouring the concrete foundation may be on the critical path, but if the project manager obtains an addition crew and the pour is completed early it could come off the critical path (or reduce the length of the critical path). Regardless of how well you manage the schedule and the resources, there is one more critical element called managing the budget. Often a PM is evaluated on his or her ability to complete a project within Budget. If the project resources and project schedule is managed effectively, this should not be a problem. It is, however, a task that requires the project managers careful attention. Each project task will have a cost whether it is the cost of the labor hours of a computer programmer or the purchase price of a cubic yard of concrete. In preparing the project budget, each of these costs is estimated and then totaled. Some of these estimates will be more accurate than others. A company knows what it will charge each of its projects for different classifications of labor. Commodities like concrete are priced in a very competitive market so prices are fairly predictable. Other estimates are less accurate. For instance, the cost of a conveyor system with higher performance specifications that normal can be estimated to be more expensive, but it is hard to determine whether it will be 10% more or 15% more. For an expensive item, that can be a significant amount. When the estimated cost of an item is uncertain, the project budget often includes a design allowance. This is money that is set-aside in the budget just in case the actual cost of the item is wildly different than the estimate. Unusual weather or problems with suppliers are always a possibility on large projects. Companies usually include a contingency amount in the project budget to cover these kinds of things. So a project budget is composed of the estimated cost, plus the contingency and design allowance, plus any profit. The project managers job is to keep the actual cost at or below the estimated cost, to use as little of the design allowance and contingency as possible, and to maximize the profit the company earns on the project. To maximize the chances of meeting the project udget, the PM must meet the project schedule. The most common cause of blown budgets is blown schedules. Meeting the project schedule wont guarantee the project budget is met, but it significantly increases the chances. And above all, management of the project scope is detrimental. PM should not allow the project scope to creep upward without getting budget and/or schedule adjustments to match. Successful project management is an art and a science that takes practice. The ideas presented above can give a basic understanding of project management, but consider it is only the beginning. In order to have a successful career in project managements, it is necessary to talk to successful project managers, read, and practice to acquired experience and confidence.

Milk And Dairy Industry Uk Economics Essay

Milk And Dairy Industry Uk Economics Essay The  area of Great Britain and Northern Ireland  (commonly known as the  United Kingdom) is the sovereign state  located near northwest coast of  continental Europe. It is an  island country  spanning with an  archipelago, accumulated with the northeast part of  Ireland, and many small islands.  Northern Ireland  is the only part of the UK  with a land border, sharing it with the  Republic of Ireland.  Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the  Atlantic Ocean, the  North Sea, the English Channel  and the  Irish Sea. The largest island, Great Britain, is linked to  France  by the  Channel Tunnel. (Wikipedia Information.net) SOME POLITICAL FACTS ABOUT THE COUNTRY The United Kingdom is a  constitutional monarchy  and   unitary state  consisting of four  countries:  England,  Northern Ireland,  Scotland  and Wales.  It is governed by a  parliamentary system  with its  seat of government  in  London, the  capital, but with three different  national administrations in  Belfast,  Cardiff  and  Edinburgh, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Wales and Scotland respectively. SOME ECONOMICAL FACTS ABOUT THE COUNTRY The UK is a  developed country, with the worlds  sixth largest economy  by nominal  GDP  and the  seventh largest  in  purchasing power parity.  It was the worlds first  industrialized  country  and the worlds  foremost power  during the 19th and early 20th centuries,  but the economic cost of two world wars and the decline of its empire in the latter half of the 20th century diminished its leading role in global affairs. The UK nevertheless remains a  major power  with strong economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence. It is a  nuclear power  and has the fourth highest  defense  in the world. It is a  Member State  of the  European Union, holds a permanent seat on the  United Nations Security Council, and is a member of the  Commonwealth of Nations,  G8,  OECD,  NATO, and the  World Trade Organization. (Wikipedia Information.net) The Dairy industry contributes  £6.8 Billion which is about 10% of GB GDP.   The contribution has been steadily rising over many years. The industry contains many different specialist sub-sectors and, increasingly, changes in technology have led to changes in the nature of jobs within the industry. The trend towards fewer, more skilled and better-paid employees , necessitates a significant further investment in education and training. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Flag Royal coat of arms Anthem:  God Save the Queen[1] The United Kingdom (dark green) shown in relation to the European Union  (light green) and other areas of  Europe(dark grey) Capital (and largest city) London 51 °30à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²N  0 °7à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²W Official languages English  (de facto) Recognized regional  languages Irish,  Ulster Scots,  Scottish Gaelic  ,  Scots,  Welsh, Cornish (wikiPEDIA INFO.NET) REVIEW OF THE MILK AND DAIRY INDUSTRY INTRODUCTION The dairy industry represents around 18% of the gross agricultural output of the UK, and dairy farmers are an important and sizeable part of the National Farmers Union NFUs farming membership. Dairy farmers have endured difficult times in recent years, notably with regard to farm gate profitability. Soaring prices on the world dairy commodity markets in 2007 resulted in rises in farm gate prices, totaling an average increase of 8ppl by the autumn. This has created optimism in the dairy industry and allowed most farmers to start breaking into a profit. However, there are ten years of underinvestment and debt to make up for and farmers now need a sustained period of higher prices to enable some long-overdue investments in their businesses. While the outlook of the British dairy industry is broadly positive, the confidence of dairy farmers remains fragile. Production costs have risen massively in the last twelve months. Higher feed, fertilizer and fuel costs are eroding the benefits of higher prices. In addition to this are the substantial infrastructure costs that dairy farmers face under the proposed revisions to the NVZ (Nitrate Vulnerable Zones) Action Program. With these issues in mind, this document provides a background briefing to the dairy farming sector and looks at the future challenges and prospects. Britains Dairy Farmers Dairy farmers in the UK are amongst the largest and most competitive in the European Union. Dairy farms are situated across the UK, but are concentrated mostly in areas where the climate encourages favorable conditions for grassland farming. In recent years milk production has gravitated towards the West and South West of England, West Wales and Northern Ireland. The number of dairy farmers in the UK has fallen dramatically, and continues to decline. In 2001 there were 26,110 registered production holdings in England and Wales. By February 2009 this had fallen to 12,465. This figure represents a 5% fall on February 2008 figures, and therefore reflects the continuing pattern of decline. Until recently, for every farmer leaving the industry another farmer was willing to expand. Consequently, the average size of dairy herds in the UK has increased from 72 cows in 1999 to 95 in 2010. At the same time, genetic and management improvements in dairy cattle have seen the average cow increase milk production from 5,000 litres a year in 1993 to 9609 liters in 2011. In recent years however, the industry has seen a decrease in production, suggesting that either larger milk producing herds are leaving or the number of herds expanding has decreased. (Wikipedia Information.net , The Dairysite.com) A Brief History of the British Dairy Industry Since the 1920s- 1994, the market for raw milk was managed by four statutory milk marketing boards (MMBs). One Board bought and sold all wholesale milk from farms in England and Wales. The MMBs were wound-up in the early 1990s allowing existing farmers to sell milk either to new farmer co-operatives created in their place or directly to dairy processing companies. The co-op, Milk Marque, was created for broker milk sales in England and Wales. In the early days following the abolition of the Boards, dairy farmers enjoyed a relatively prosperous time as milk prices had increased to 27 pence per litre (ppl). However, the rise in milk price coincided with a unique set of economic circumstances driven by Black Wednesday and the UK pulling out of the Exchange Rate Mechanism, which devalued the Pound against major EU currencies that had increased the value of EU market support and the competitiveness of UK dairy produce. Prices started to slide in 1998/9 and more and more producers opted to leave Milk Marque to supply dairy companies directly who offered a higher price as an incentive to join. Around the same time, a legal case was brought against Milk Marque by milk processors through the then Dairy Trades Federation, who argued that MM was operating as a complex monopoly and was abusing its dominant position in the raw milk market. In 1999, the Monopolies and Mergers Commission produced a report supporting the case brought to the Office of Fair trading by the DTF. The result of this case led to the break-up of Milk Marque. In its place, three daughter co-ops Milk Link, Axis and Zenith were set up in 2000. In recent years these businesses have consolidated, Axis brands merging with Scottish Milk brands to form First Milk and Zenith with a small milk co-op, the Milk Group to form Dairy Farmers of Britain. The Dairy Industry in modern times The dairy industry had seen remarkable consolidation at all levels in the last decade. While there were over 100 milk buyers in the country, six large dairy companies dominate the GB market. The largest dairy companies are: Dairy Crest The Company buys approximately 2.4 billion litres every year from 1,400 direct supplying dairy farmers, the majority of whom are located in southern, central England and South Wales (as well as some milk brokered from milk co-operatives, especially FirstMilk). Dairy Crest manufactures liquid milk and a range of dairy products, including cheese, milk powder, desserts, butter, and cream. Its best known brands are Cathedral City and Country Life. Arla Foods -Swedish/ Danish farmers co-operative of approx 9,400 members, operating as a wholly-owned subsidiary in the UK. The company focuses on supplying fresh milk to retailers as well as managing dairy imports from Scandinavia and New Zealand. UK has a workforce of 6,300 and processes 2.3 billion liters milk at 13 plants, supplied mostly by the Arla Foods Milk Partnership, a farmer group of around 1,600 members. Dairy Farmers of Britain Farmer co-operative with around 2,600 farmer members, predominately located in the North of England and Wales. DFB makes a broad range of products including liquid milk, cheese, butter, ingredients and desserts, both for supermarkets and own brand. DFB also supplies milk to other dairy companies and runs eight separate processing sites and sixty distribution depots. Robert Wiseman Dairies Private dairy company that specializes in processing and delivering fresh liquid milk throughout Great Britain. It operates from 6 major processing dairies in Aberdeen, East Kilbride, Glasgow, Manchester and Droitwich Spa and a new dairy in Bridgwater, Somerset. The company has developed relationships with a number of major supermarket groups, resulting in more than 70% of its sales to multiple retailers. Milk Link Farmer co-operative essentially making cheese, ingredients and desserts. Milk Link supplies all the UKs major food retailers, many of its largest food processors, and food services organizations. It is the UKs largest cheese producer, with the bulk of its members being located in the South and South West of England. First Milk Farmer-owned business, with 2600 farmer members, formed in 2001, from the merger of two leading dairy groups. As well as supplying other dairy companies (notably Robert Wiseman Dairies in which it has a 15% stake and Dairy Crest) with milk, the company owns creameries in Cumbria, West Wales and the Scottish islands. There are also a large number of small to medium sized local or specialist processors such as Lactalis/ McLelland, Belton cheese, J Heler, Muller Dairies, Fresh ways, Medina Dairies and a small number of milk buyers that operate largely as intermediaries, supplying milk to a range of different markets. (http://www.ipaquotas.com/dairyfarmer.htm) The Current Dairy Market- The UK The British dairy market is observed as a domestic market. The UK is around 90% self-sufficient in milk and dairy produce and half of all raw milk is sold as fresh liquid milk. In the past, much of this would have been sold on doorstep rounds. Now the highest proportion is sold through major multiple retailers. Cheese takes up a further 28% of the market. Consumption of liquid milk had been declining until recently where statistics indicate stabilization in consumption, with increasing demand for low fat milks. Utilization of milk by UK dairies 2010/11 (million litres) The concentration of the industry on liquid milk and failure to add value has had important consequences for British dairying. The industry has, to some extent, become more commoditized and struggled to capitalize on real growth markets. It has also seen the value of imports increase compared to the value of exports with recent estimations that the deficit. OBJECTIVES OF THE REPORT The following objectives will be covered in the report in detail: To study the Milk production in U.K. To study the reasons for decline in milk production Pricing factors for the industry Challenges faced within the industry To analyze the milk and its products consumption in the British families (Via Survey Method) Milk production in U.K. Deliveries to dairies in the 2010/11 milk year totaled 15,212 million litres. Adjusting this figure for the presence of a leap year gives total milk deliveries of 16,176 million liters, the lowest cumulative figure since deregulation and around 500 million liters (4.2%) down on the five year average. 5 year average daily 2010/11 average daily Looking at average daily deliveries by month shows the milk year started off relatively well with April deliveries only 0.9 million liters per day less than the five year average. This was a result of a mild spring encouraging good grass growth and early turn out. The three months from May to July were the wettest on record which was one of the factors that led milk deliveries in July to fall to an average of 35.4 million litres per day. That was three million liters per day (7.8%) lower than the average for the month. This deficit decreased towards November with better weather and prices. However the effect of the earlier poor weather on silage quality and rising feed prices appears to have impacted on milk deliveries in the final four months of the milk year with daily deliveries averaging 3.5% lower than the five year average. The UK dairy industry employs more than 23,800 across 600 workplaces nationwide. It includes the operation of dairies and the manufacture of dairy products, such as iceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ cream. There are many wellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ known companies, such as Yeo Valley Farms, Danone, Dairy Crest Ltd., Unilever iceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ cream and Wensleydale Dairy Products. 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 Key facts: There are 23,800 people working in the dairy industry, of which: 87% of the workforce is in the operation of dairies and cheese 14% in the manufacture of iceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ cream The industry represents 6% of those employed in Great Britains food and drink manufacturing sector. 36% of the workforce is 45 years or older. 45% of the current workforce will be eligible for retirement within the next 20 years. 13% of the workforce has a degree or equivalent qualification . The highest qualification for much of the workforce is GCSE grades Aà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ C (20%) or A Levels (13%). 19% of the workforce has no qualifications. Workforce statistics Number of UK employees: 23,800 Number of UK employers: 600 Gender: 76% male 24% female Ethnicity: 92% of the workforce is white, 5% Asian/British Asian and 3% Black/Black British 2,300 migrant workers (nonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ UK nationals) are estimated to be working in the industry Age: 26% of the workforce is aged 16-30 years 14% is 30-34 years 15% is 35-39 years 13% is 40-44 years 22% is 45-49 years Disability: 7% of the workforce has some form of work limited disability. [N.B. Data derived from Labour Force Survey, 2010 and Annual Business Inquiry, 2009.] Reasons for decline in milk production In most instances in the dairy industry, increases in production costs have offset/negated any efficiency gains made by expanding producers. More recently, this logic has been tested as milk production has gradually fallen over the last 5 years. 2011 was an exceptionally bad year due to the additional effects of poor weather on grazing conditions and winter forage quality. Cumulative production to March 2011 stood at just 13,215 million liters, which was 2% lower than last year and represents a production figure not seen since the 1974/5 milk production year. In addition, in the 2010/11 milk production year, the UK was a massive 986m liter (7%) under quota. Research suggests that the falling trend of milk production in the UK will most certainly continue in the short term. The low level of confidence has led to reductions in producer numbers and a reduction in the number of farmers willing and able to expand further. Coupled with this, the industry has suffered many years of underinv estment due to a sustained period of low milk price. In light of the challenges ahead in the form of environmental regulation, coping with the impacts of disease and higher variable production costs it is likely that we will see further contraction in the industry in the immediate future. Recent price increases have however brought some confidence back to some producers in increasing milk production on their holdings. The 2010 Farmer Intentions Survey from Dairy Co revealed that 37% of dairy farmers intend to increase milk production, yet 7% of dairy farmers intend to exit the industry in the next two years. This forecasted increase in production on some farms, coupled with a reduction in the number of dairy farmers will result in a further fall in milk production by 2012/13 in Britain of 0.6%. Pricing factors for the industry Milk pricing and profitability are the biggest issues affecting dairy farmers. The average farm gate milk price for 2007 was 20.66 ppl with a February 2008 average milk price of 25.62 ppl. This reflects a much needed 8ppl increase on the average farm gate price of just 18ppl in 2006 which has increased drastically in 2011/12 by 48ppl. Since the mid 1990s, the industry has seen a general decline in dairy farm profitability and massive restructuring has taken place at farm level. To cope with Low Prices, farmers have sought efficiency gains to remain profitable largely through increasing herd size and cutting costs where feasible. In the past a combination of factors has driven farm gate milk prices including: Prices for internationally traded commodity dairy products EU market support Exchange rates The balance between the supply of raw milk and the level of demand for milk products Weak negotiation, due to structure of industry The costs of manufacturing milk EU and world commodity markets have been seen historically as the biggest driver in raw milk prices. They are still influential and are the biggest reason behind the well documented increases in milk prices in the UK and elsewhere in 2011. However, the British dairy market is essentially domestic, which should limit the exposure to commodity market forces The British retail market for dairy products is fiercely competitive. In respect of the cheese market, for example, regular tendering is the norm and with large quantities of cheese imported from Ireland and other EU member states, there is fierce competition to secure supply contracts. Costs of Milk Production It is notoriously difficult to establish average production costs, however over the last three years production costs have increased dramatically as a result of oil, fertilizer and feed price increases and the escalating cost of farm labor. The First Milk/Promar report of March 2009 suggests that the true cost of production for UK dairy farmers is estimated to rise to 36.64ppl in the next year, not accounting for any profit margin. Challenges faced within the industry Access to raw material is key to global position Milk production is highly regulated by quotas and mobility of raw material is difficult Raw milk is perishable and cant be transported long distances Milk production is challenging: no compromises on food safety, labour intensive and milk is collected daily Seasonality of production leads to overcapacity Requires long term investments on farm and industry level Competitiveness of the dairy processors is increasingly decisive for the pricing of raw material milk to farmers Better regulation and simplification Flaws are identified, but results are not satisfactory Slow decision-making process Lack of predictability Horizontal regulations concerning feed, hygiene, claims and labelling New regulations for animal welfare and quality labelling? Milk specific regulation: drinking milk, spreads and preserved milk Route to market Access to world market Global players include different geographical regions in their business strategies, but SME ´s have difficulties in approach. Specific support mechanisms could be helpful Industrial policy is made too much on terms of agricultural policy Technical and sanitary measures are barriers to trade: animal disease outbreaks, divergent analysis and sampling methods, zero tolerances, milk products and animal health standards Innovations Innovations have been and are essential in improving the global competitiveness of dairy industry and creating value added products Innovations in the future are more and more linked to the health and well-being of consumers. This means that more scientific evidence is needed for marketing of these products EU should create and improve platforms to support such development in research. The Technology Platform on food research, called Food for Life is a good example of such development and creating science based innovations Claims are essential and needed for marketing and consumer communication of these new products. This means that approval of claims should not prevent or slowdown this development European level programs in science and research (7th framework program) are essential in boosting the science-based innovations in open environment. Probiotic dairy products are good examples of commercial success in this area SME ´s should have easier access to these programs Environmental Challenges Among the biggest challenges facing UK dairy farming is how the industry interacts with the environment. The industry is working hard to ensure that any environmental risks associated with milk production are minimized and to deliver positive environmental improvements. Some notable achievements include a 13.5% reduction in methane emissions from livestock since 1990 and a reduction in overall fertilizer usage in dairy farming by 46% since 1997. Over 35% of farmland managed for dairy farming in the UK is now in an ELS environmental stewardship agreement. Action on farm is being co-ordinate through the Environmental Plan for Dairy Farming (EPDF). The EPDF promotes integrated solutions to tackling the sectors environmental problems, i.e. solutions that tackle more than one environmental issue and are easy for farmers to implement such as nutrient management plans. In addition to the EPDF, the development of an industry Roadmap for the dairy sector in England identifies the environmenta l impacts of producing and consuming milk across the supply chain and sets targets for mitigating and reducing those impacts. Critically, the Roadmap promotes better understanding of the social, economic and environmental benefits of milk and aims to achieve a balance between productivity and environmental improvement, thus securing the long term sustainability of dairying. Other Challenges Animal health and welfare continue to be high priorities for the dairy industry. The UK dairy industry adopts the highest standards of animal health and welfare, monitored primarily through the Assured Dairy Farms (ADF) scheme, of which 95% of UK dairy farmers are registered. The England Cattle Health and Welfare Group (ECHAWG) also provide a forum for the veterinary profession, farmers, industry bodies and government to work together to tackle health and welfare issues such as Johnes Disease, mastitis ,lameness, bovine Tuberculosis, an increasingly serious issue for many dairy farmers and, most recently, Bluetongue. FINDINGS Analysis via survey method to detect the rise and fall in the consumption of milk and its products! This analysis was carried forward by using the survey method thereby utilizing the questions given in the form of a questionnaire to assess the participants on the total consumption of the milk and its products in the uk. A sample of 50 participants was drawn from the population for further analysis. A sample figure of the questionnaire is given below- The procedure of the experiment that adopted the survey method as a means of reaching its destination has drew the following findings. According to the survey, 38% of the individuals preferred first milk as a brand over other milk brands and least no of people preferred milk link as a brand. This difference between the preferences must have existed due to pricing of the products, its quality, advertising and its availability. Another interesting fact that emerged was preferences of individuals for choosing the type of milk and it was found out that 42% of people preferred whole milk over other milk types followed by least preference for skimmed milk with only 24%. This difference obviously existed due to quality difference and tastes of the milk types. Another fact that was found out was individuals preferences for powdered and bottled milk that showed a positive percentage for bottled milk with 78% and very little preference for powdered milk. This must be existent due to quality reasons of the milk and the freshness (preservatives vs. fresh milk). The end part of the survey dealt with the family preferences for milk consumption in the UK. It was noticed that maximum no of individuals purchased the milk on alternate basis resulting in 46% from the total. And the numbers of individuals consuming milk within the families are also ranked as high as 42% which reflected that all of the family members drink milk and its products almost on daily basis. It was interesting to note that most of the individuals went by the price of the milk compared to the quality of milk which meant that they usually compromised over the quality over the price thereby resulting in gains for companies that provided milk at a cheaper cost compared to others. Lastly it was asked as to which product of milk apart from its pure form was preferred the most and it was noticed that 46% of the British families preferred cheese product of milk and least preferred the butter 12% which shows the British preference of dairy products depending on their cuisines and dishes made in their homes. By the end of survey finally it was found that most of the individuals preferred milk as an essential nutrient for their daily breakfast needs (64%) compared to any other meal of the day which reflects the energy source and dietary supplements provided by the milk maximize the most over other food supplements. RECOMMENDATIONS FARMERS à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Know your cost of production and Add value by maximizing your contract. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Make use of the NFUs inputs monitor and challenge suppliers to seek out best deals. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Offer farmers proper milk contracts, in line with the NFU template, that provide long term stability and transparency on terms and price. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Be transparent about costs, markets and milk prices. Show how you are improving efficiency and cutting costs at the factory. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Promote the Red Tractor prominently, on front of pack, on all branded dairy products. RETAILERS AND FOOD SERVICE à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Food service sector to extend commitments to sourcing assured, British products to all dairy products and promote the Red Tractor to clients. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ All major retailers to increase the number of British, Farm Assured dairy product lines offered to consumers. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Retailers to promote the Red Tractor prominently, on front of pack, on all own label dairy products. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Retailers to establish direct, dedicated relationships with dairy farmers supplying British, own label cheese lines. GOVERNMENT à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ All government departments to adopt the NFU model clause and specify use of Red Tractor in its procurement contracts. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Establish a milk production taskforce to examine the reasons behind, and the solutions to, our falling milk production trend. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Make farmers aware of the support and funding streams that are available to them through the RDPE. RDAs to ensure that these funds are easily accessible. BANKS à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Banks to honor long term, established relationships with clients. Pass on base rate cuts in full and support farmers including tenants to invest for the future. NFU (NATIONAL FARMERS UNION) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Maintain the call for an independent body to take the politics out of animal disease and resist any attempt by Defra to transfer costs onto the industry. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Continue lobbying to improve milk contracts offered to farmers by milk buyers. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Maintain scrutiny on input costs to ensure that changes in prices are being passed down to farmers. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Lead a positive campaign to promote the benefits of dairy farming and the importance of productive British agriculture. CONCLUSION The outlook for the British dairy industry is broadly positive. Despite the irrefutable pressures that farmers continue to face, the future prospects for British dairy farmers is bright. Milk producers are efficient and operate in a prosperous, well-populated country, with strong traditions of consuming dairy products. Demand for many dairy products, worldwide, is increasing as a result of economic and population growth. Climatic factors appear to be pegging production in traditional export areas and the EU may be well placed to capitalize on world market growth in the long run. But there remain many significant short-term challenges.